Tag: 100-200

Insights into the polymerization kinetics of thermoresponsive polytrimethylene carbonate bearing a methoxyethoxy side group was written by Brissenden, Amanda J.;Amsden, Brian G.. And the article was included in Journal of Polymer Science (Hoboken, NJ, United States) in 2020.Product Details of 111-77-3 This article mentions the following:

The ring-opening polymerization kinetics of 5-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-ethoxymethyl]-5-methyl-1,3-dioxa-2-one (TMOE-2) and 5-[2-{2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyoxy}-ethoxymethyl]-5-methyl-1,3-dioxa-2-one (TMOE-3) was investigated using different catalysts with the aim to improve control over mol. weight The possibility of monomer impurities driving the variability in mol. weight that has been seen in different reports, was assessed and evidence of catalysis via an imidazole impurity was found. The catalysts 1,5,7-triazobicyclo(4.4.0)dec-5-ene (TBD), hydrogen chloride in di-Et ether (HCl.Et₂O), stannous 2-ethylhexanoate (SnOct₂), and catalyst free thermal polymerizations were conducted to understand the mechanisms influencing the mol. weight TBD and HCl.Et₂O consistently achieved high conversion of the monomer; however, mol. weights greater than 7,000 Da could not be achieved due to competing side reactions. SnOct₂ catalyzed and catalyst free thermal polymerizations were highly influenced by monomer purity and achieved lower conversion than TBD and HCl.Et₂O. Understanding these mechanisms will guide future synthesis of poly(TMOE-2) and poly(TMOE-3) for biomedical applications. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Product Details of 111-77-3).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Product Details of 111-77-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Chemical Constituents from the Fungus Antrodia cinnamomea was written by Wu, Ming-Der;Cheng, Ming-Jen;Chen, Yen-Lin;Hsun-Hsuo-Chang;Kuo, Yueh-Hsiung;Lin, Chih-Chuan;Wu, Ho-Cheng. And the article was included in Natural Product Communications in 2019.Related Products of 605-94-7 This article mentions the following:

A new benzenoid, 4-methoxy-7-methylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ol (1) and three known secondary metabolites 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl[1,4]benzoquinone (2), 2-methoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (3) and 5-methyl-benzo[1,3]dioxole-4,7-diol (4) were isolated from the mycelia of A. cinnamomea BCRC 36799 by solid state fermentation with adlay. Their chem. structures were elucidated on the basis of HRESIMS, NMR spectroscopic data and comparison with reported values. All isolated compounds 1-4 were tested for their cytotoxicity against the six cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. Among them, compound 3 displayed significant cytotoxic effects toward all six tested cancer cell lines, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 2.8-8.7 μM in vitro. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Related Products of 605-94-7).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Related Products of 605-94-7

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of antroquinonol biosynthetic genes and enzymes in Antrodia camphorata was written by Liu, Xiaofeng;Xia, Yongjun;Zhang, Yao;Yang, Caiyun;Xiong, Zhiqiang;Song, Xin;Ai, Lianzhong. And the article was included in AMB Express in 2020.COA of Formula: C9H10O4 This article mentions the following:

Abstract: Antroquinonol (AQ) has several remarkable bioactivities in acute myeloid leukemia and pancreatic cancer, but difficulties in the mass production of AQ hamper its applications. Currently, mol. biotechnol. methods, such as gene overexpression, have been widely used to increase the production of metabolites. However, AQ biosynthetic genes and enzymes are poorly understood. In this study, an integrated study coupling RNA-Seq and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) were used to identify AQ synthesis-related genes and enzymes in Antrodia camphorata during coenzyme Q₀-induced fermentation (FM). The upregulated genes related to acetyl-CoA synthesis indicated that acetyl-CoA enters the mevalonate pathway to form the farnesyl tail precursor of AQ. The metE gene for an enzyme with Me transfer activity provided sufficient Me groups for AQ structure formation. The CoQ2 and ubiA genes encode p-hydroxybenzoate polyprenyl transferase, linking coenzyme Q₀ and the polyisoprene side chain to form coenzyme Q₃. NADH is transformed into NAD+ and releases two electrons, which may be beneficial for the conversion of coenzyme Q₃ to AQ. Understanding the biosynthetic genes and enzymes of AQ is important for improving its production by genetic means in the future. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7COA of Formula: C9H10O4).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. The unique properties of ethers (i.e., that they are strongly polar, with nonbonding electron pairs but no hydroxyl group) enhance the formation and use of many reagents. For example, Grignard reagents cannot form unless an ether is present to share its lone pair of electrons with the magnesium atom. Complexation of the magnesium atom stabilizes the Grignard reagent and helps to keep it in solution.COA of Formula: C9H10O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

New highly soluble triarylamine-based materials as promising catholytes for redox flow batteries was written by Romadina, Elena I.;Volodin, Ivan A.;Stevenson, Keith J.;Troshin, Pavel A.. And the article was included in Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability in 2021.Computed Properties of C5H12O3 This article mentions the following:

A series of arylamines bearing oligoethylene glycol ether solubilizing moieties were designed and comprehensively evaluated as promising catholyte materials for non-aqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs). The triphenylamine core maintains the chem. stability of the radical cation, the ethylene glycol chains enhance the solubility up to complete miscibility with organic solvents, and the electron-withdrawing bromine substituents increase the redox potential of the compounds up to 0.61 V vs. Ag/AgNO₃. The best material showed 99% coulombic efficiency in combination with good stability in over 50 charge-discharge cycles in laboratory RFB cells. The designed triarylamine-based catholyte materials appear promising for the development of next-generation high-voltage and high-capacity RFBs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Computed Properties of C5H12O3).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Computed Properties of C5H12O3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Structural complexity through multicomponent cycloaddition cascades enabled by dual-purpose, reactivity regenerating 1,2,3-triene equivalents was written by Wender, Paul A.;Fournogerakis, Dennis N.;Jeffreys, Matthew S.;Quiroz, Ryan V.;Inagaki, Fuyuhiko;Pfaffenbach, Magnus. And the article was included in Nature Chemistry in 2014.Safety of 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne This article mentions the following:

Multicomponent reactions allow for more bond-forming events per synthetic operation, enabling more step- and time-economical conversion of simple starting materials to complex and thus value-added targets. These processes invariably require that reactivity be relayed from intermediate to intermediate over several mechanistic steps until a termination event produces the final product. Here, the authors report a multicomponent process in which a novel 1,2,3-butatriene equivalent (TMSBO: TMSCH2C CCH2OH) engages chemospecifically as a two-carbon alkyne component in a metal-catalyzed [5 + 2] cycloaddition with a vinylcyclopropane to produce an intermediate cycloadduct. Under the reaction conditions, this intermediate undergoes a remarkably rapid 1,4-Peterson elimination, producing a reactive four-carbon diene intermediate that is readily intercepted in either a metal-catalyzed or thermal [4 + 2] cycloaddition TMSBO thus serves as an yne-to-diene transmissive reagent coupling two powerful and convergent cycloadditions-the homologous Diels-Alder and Diels-Alder cycloadditions-through a vinylogous Peterson elimination, and enabling flexible access to diverse polycycles. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8Safety of 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne).

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Safety of 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Pentafluoroethylation of Carbonyl Compounds by HFC-125 via the Encapsulation of the K Cation with Glymes was written by Fujihira, Yamato;Hirano, Kazuki;Ono, Makoto;Mimura, Hideyuki;Kagawa, Takumi;Sedgwick, Daniel M.;Fustero, Santos;Shibata, Norio. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2021.Product Details of 112-49-2 This article mentions the following:

A simple protocol to overcome the explosive pentafluoroethylation of carbonyl compounds by HFC-125 is described. The use of potassium (K) bases with triglyme or tetraglyme as a solvent safely yields the pentafluoroethylation products in good to high yields. The exptl. results suggest that an encapsulation of the K cation by glymes as K(glyme)₂ inhibits the contact between the K cation and the reactive anionic pentafluoroethyl counterion, preventing their transformation into KF and explosive tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). The generation of sterically demanding [K(G3)₂]⁺ and [K(G4)₂]⁺ is an effective way as an unstable pentafluoroethyl anion reservoir. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Product Details of 112-49-2).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Product Details of 112-49-2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Inter- and intra-molecular organocatalysis of S_N2 fluorination by crown ether: kinetics and quantum chemical analysis was written by Oh, Young-Ho;Yun, Wonhyuck;Kim, Chul-Hee;Jang, Sung-Woo;Lee, Sung-Sik;Lee, Sungyul;Kim, Dong-Wook. And the article was included in Molecules in 2021.Reference of 3929-47-3 This article mentions the following:

We present the intra- and inter-mol. organocatalysis of S_N2 fluorination using CsF by crown ether to estimate the efficacy of the promoter and to elucidate the reaction mechanism. The yields of intramol. S_N2 fluorination of the veratrole substrates are measured to be very small (<1% in 12 h) in the absence of crown ether promoters, whereas the S_N2 fluorination of the substrate possessing a crown ether unit proceeds to near completion (~99%) in 12 h. We also studied the efficacy of intermol. rate acceleration by an independent promoter 18-crown-6 for comparison. We find that the fluorinating yield of a veratrole substrate (leaving group = -OMs) in the presence of 18-crown-6 follows the almost identical kinetic course as that of intramol. S_N2 fluorination, indicating the mechanistic similarity of intra- and inter-mol. organocatalysis of the crown ether for S_N2 fluorination. The calculated relative Gibbs free energies of activation for these reactions, in which the crown ether units act as Lewis base promoters for S_N2 fluorination, are in excellent agreement with the exptl. measured yields of fluorination. The role of the metal salt CsF is briefly discussed in terms of whether it reacts as a contact ion pair or as a “free” nucleophile F^–. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3Reference of 3929-47-3).

3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Reference of 3929-47-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of dihydropyranopyrazole derivatives as novel PDE2 inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease was written by Zhou, Yan;Li, Jinjian;Yuan, Han;Su, Rui;Huang, Yue;Huang, Yiyou;Li, Zhe;Wu, Yinuo;Luo, Haibin;Zhang, Chen;Huang, Ling. And the article was included in Molecules in 2021.Reference of 57179-35-8 This article mentions the following:

In this study, (R)-LZ77 was obtained as a hit compound with moderate PDE2 inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 261.3 nM) using a high-throughput virtual screening method based on mol. dynamics. Then, 28 dihydropyranopyrazole derivatives I [R¹ = H, CH₃O, Cl; R² = H, CH₃, CH₃O, etc.; R³ = H, CH₃, C₆H₅; R⁴ = H, CH₃O, Cl, etc; R⁵ = NH₂, (CH₃)₂N; n = 1, 2, 3] and II [R⁶ = Cl, CF₃; n = 0, 2, 3] were designed and synthesized as PDE2 inhibitors. Among them, compound (+)-I [R¹ = H; R² = CH₃O; R³ = CH₃; R⁴ = CF₃; R⁵ = NH₂; n = 1] was the most potent PDE2 inhibitor, with an IC₅₀ value of 41.5 nM. The mol. docking of PDE2-(+)-I [R¹ = H; R² = CH₃O; R³ = CH₃; R⁴ = CF₃; R⁵ = NH₂; n = 1] revealed that the 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxyl side chain of the compound enters the H-pocket and forms strong hydrophobic interactions with L770/L809/F862, which improves inhibitory activity. The above results may provide insight for further structural optimization of highly potent PDE2 inhibitors and may lay the foundation for their use in the treatment of AD. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (cas: 57179-35-8Reference of 57179-35-8).

3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (cas: 57179-35-8) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Reference of 57179-35-8

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Efficient visible light initiated one-pot syntheses of secondary amines from nitro aromatics and benzyl alcohols over Pd@NH₂-UiO-66(Zr) was written by Hao, Mingming;Li, Zhaohui. And the article was included in Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental in 2022.Formula: C8H10O2 This article mentions the following:

Pd@NH₂-UiO-66(Zr), with small-sized Pd nanoparticles encapsulated inside the cavities of NH₂-UiO-66(Zr), was obtained via a double-solvent impregnation followed by a photoreduction process, which shows superior activity for the visible light initiated syntheses of secondary amines from nitro compounds and alcs., via a sequential photocatalytic hydrogenation of nitro compounds/dehydrogenation of alcs., condensation of amines and aldehydes to imines, and the hydrogenation of imines. Simultaneous consumption of photogenerated electrons/holes in the photocatalytic hydrogenation of nitro compounds to amines and dehydrogenation of alcs. to aldehydes promotes the whole reaction. Due to the confinement effect of the cavity and the small-sized Pd nanoparticles, Pd@NH₂-UiO-66(Zr) shows significantly superior performance as compared with Pd/NH₂-UiO-66(Zr), in which larger Pd nanoparticles are deposited on the surface. This study provides an efficient and green strategy for the production of secondary amines and highlights the great potential of using M/MOFs nanocomposites as multifunctional catalysts for light induced one-pot tandem reactions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5Formula: C8H10O2).

(4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Formula: C8H10O2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Biosynthesis of 4-acetylantroquinonol B in Antrodia cinnamomea via a pathway related to coenzyme Q synthesis was written by Yang, Shang-Han;Lin, Yu-Wei;Chiang, Been-Huang. And the article was included in Biochemical Engineering Journal in 2017.Formula: C9H10O4 This article mentions the following:

The biosynthesis pathway for production of 4-acetylantroquinonol B (4-AAQB) by Antrodia cinnamomea was investigated by adding various precursors to the culture medium. Adding 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) significantly increased the production of 4-AAQB. Since 4-HBA is an intermediate of the shikimate pathway and 4-AAQB and coenzyme Q (CoQ) are similar in structure, we suspected that the pathway for producing 4-AAQB was closely related to the biosynthesis of CoQ. Since the isoprenoid chain of CoQ is synthesized via the mevalonate pathway, we added oleic acid to the culture medium and confirmed that the addition significantly increased the production of 4-AAQB. Furthermore, adding coenzyme Q₀ into the fermentation broth was found to be the most effective way to increase the production of 4-AAQB. We suspect that coenzyme Q₀ forms CoQ, after which CoQ is converted to 4-AAQB via unknown steps. The increase in 4-AAQB production due to the addition of CoQ₁₀ further demonstrated that the biosynthesis pathway of 4-AAQB from A. cinnamomea is closely related to CoQ. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Formula: C9H10O4).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Formula: C9H10O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem