Tag: 100-200

A Light(er) Approach for the Selective Hydrogenation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan without External H₂ was written by Jaryal, Arpna;Venugopala Rao, Battula;Kailasam, Kamalakannan. And the article was included in ChemSusChem in 2022.Formula: C8H10O2 This article mentions the following:

The selective conversion of 5-hydroxymethyfurfural (HMF), a biomass-derived platform mol., to value added chems. can ease the burden on petroleum-based fine chem. synthesis. The active contribution of renewable energy sources along with low cost, environmental friendliness, and a simple reaction system must be adopted for better sustainability. In this context, photocatalytic selective hydrogenation of HMF to 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) was achieved over P 25 titania nanoparticles without chem. squander. Simultaneously the photo-oxidation of p-methoxybenzyl alc. (MeOBA) to p-methoxybenzaldehyde (MeOBaL), similar to biomass-derived vanillin, was carried out, abolishing the need of addnl. redox reagents. This system put forward the competent employment of photogenerated excitons for the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass to fine chems., which is an urgent requirement for sustainable chem. synthesis. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5Formula: C8H10O2).

(4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Formula: C8H10O2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Sulfuryl Fluoride Mediated Synthesis of Amides and Amidines from Ketoximes via Beckmann Rearrangement was written by Gurjar, Jitendra;Fokin, Valery V.. And the article was included in Chemistry – A European Journal in 2020.Recommanded Product: 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid This article mentions the following:

A metal-free and redox-neutral method for Beckmann rearrangement employing inexpensive and readily available SO₂F₂ gas was described. The reported transformation proceeded at ambient temperature and was compatible with a wide range of sterically and electronically diverse aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic and lignin-like oximes providing amides in good to excellent yields. The reaction proceeded through the formation of an imidoyl fluoride intermediate that was used for the synthesis of amidines. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4Recommanded Product: 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid).

2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Recommanded Product: 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Mild Amide Synthesis Using Nitrobenzene under Neutral Conditions was written by Xiong, Ni;Dong, Yuanqi;Xu, Bin;Li, Yang;Zeng, Rong. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2022.Computed Properties of C8H10O2 This article mentions the following:

In this report, a mild protocol for amide formation using the readily available nitroarenes as nitrogen sources and an inexpensive iron complex as a catalyst was described. Because of the use of the pH-neutral conditions and the avoidance of the strong oxidant or reductant, a wide range of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes as well as nitroarenes with various functional groups could be tolerated well. A plausible mechanism was proposed based on the detailed studies, in which iron catalyst initiates the radical process and the solvent plays a key role as O-atom acceptor. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5Computed Properties of C8H10O2).

(4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Computed Properties of C8H10O2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Activity and stability of uricase from Lactobacillus plantarum immobilized on natural zeolite for uric acid biosensor was written by Iswantini, Dyah;Nurhidayat, Novik;Trivadila;Widiyatmoko, Okik. And the article was included in Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences in 2014.Related Products of 605-94-7 This article mentions the following:

Determination of uric acid concentration in human urine and blood is needed to diagnose several diseases, especially the occurrence of kidney disease in gout patients. Therefore, it is needed to develop a simple and inexpensive method for uric acid detection. The purpose of the research was to observe the use of Indonesian microbe that was immobilized on natural zeolite as a source of uricase for uric acid biosensor. Selection of mediators and determination of optimum condition measurement, the stability and kinetic properties of L. plantarum uricase were performed using carbon paste electrode. Cyclic voltammetry was employed to investigate the catalytic behavior of the biosensor. The result indicated that the best mediator for measurement of L. plantarum uricase activity was Qo (2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4 benzoquinone). Optimum conditions for immobilization of L. plantarum uricase on zeolite were obtained at pH 7.6, with temperature of 28°C, using uric acid concentration of 0.015 mM and zeolite mass at 135 mg K_M and V_Max of L. plantarum uricase obtained from Lineweaver-burk equation for the immobilization uricase on zeolite were 8.6728 × 10^-4 mM and 6.3052 mM, resp. K_M value of L. plantarum uricase directly immobilized onto the electrode surface was smaller than K_M value of L. plantarum uricase immobilized on zeolite. The smaller K_M value shows the higher affinity toward the substrate. The electrode when kept at 10°C was stable until 6 days, however the immobilized electrode on zeolite was stable until 18 days. Therefore, Indonesian L. plantarum could be used as a uric acid biosensor. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Related Products of 605-94-7).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Related Products of 605-94-7

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel gigantol derivatives as potential agents in prevention of diabetic cataract was written by Wu, Jie;Lu, Chuanjun;Li, Xue;Fang, Hua;Wan, Wencheng;Yang, Qiaohong;Sun, Xiaosheng;Wang, Meiling;Hu, Xiaohong;Chen, C.-Y. Oliver;Wei, Xiaoyong. And the article was included in PLoS One in 2015.Name: 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde This article mentions the following:

As a continuation of our efforts directed towards the development of natural anti-diabetic cataract agents, gigantol was isolated from Herba dendrobii and was found to inhibit both aldose reductase (AR) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, which play a significant role in the development and progression of diabetic cataracts. To improve its bioefficacy and facilitate use as a therapeutic agent, gigantol (compound 14f) and a series of novel analogs were designed and synthesized. Analogs were formulated to have different substituents on the Ph ring (compounds 4, 5, 8, 14a-e), substitute the Ph ring with a larger steric hindrance ring (compounds 10, 17c) or modify the carbon chain (compounds 17a, 17b, 21, 23, 25). All of the analogs were tested for their effect on AR and iNOS activities and on D-galactose-induced apoptosis in cultured human lens epithelial cells. Compounds 5, 10, 14a, 14b, 14d, 14e, 14f, 17b, 17c, 23, and 25 inhibited AR activity, with IC50 values ranging from 5.02 to 288.8 μM. Compounds 5, 10, 14b, and 14f inhibited iNOS activity with IC50 ranging from 432.6 to 1188.7 μM. Compounds 5, 8, 10, 14b, 14f, and 17c protected the cells from D-galactose induced apoptosis with viability ranging from 55.2 to 76.26%. Of gigantol and its analogs, compound 10 showed the greatest bioefficacy and is warranted to be developed as a therapeutic agent for diabetic cataracts. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (cas: 57179-35-8Name: 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde).

3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (cas: 57179-35-8) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Name: 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Pd(II)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Annulation toward the Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted Chiral Indenols was written by Gu, Chang-Xue;Chen, Wen-Wen;Xu, Ming-Hua. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2020.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

An enantioselective asym. annulation of 2-formylboronic acids with internal alkynes has been realized using a chiral phosphinooxazoline/palladium(II) catalyst. The reaction tolerates a variety of alkynes including the relatively inert diaryl substituted internal ones. A wide range of optically active 2,3-disubstituted indenols was afforded in high yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% yield and 99% ee). In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8Category: ethers-buliding-blocks).

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Cobalt-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition copolymerization of diyne and internal alkyne monomers to highly branched polymers was written by Kikuta, Nana;Shindo, Takahiro;Sugiyama, Yu-ki;Yamada, Takeshi;Okamoto, Sentaro. And the article was included in Polymer in 2021.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

A novel synthetic method for hyperbranched polymers is reported. A cobalt catalyst previously developed in our group promotes the catalytic alkyne [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition polymerization of aromatic diynes with internal alkynes, which proceeds without gelation or production of insoluble materials to give the corresponding soluble polymer in good yields. The method is reproducible, and the polymerization behavior can readily be predicted by the results of model reactions. Thus, the mol. weight and a degree of branching (DB) of the resulting polymer can be controlled by selecting the internal alkyne monomer and its loading amount The occurrence of effective endcapping reaction was confirmed by degradation of the polymer derived from a diyne bearing a silyl ether linker, and a high DB of more than 0.5 was obtained. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8Category: ethers-buliding-blocks).

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Non-adsorbing small molecules as auxiliary dispersants for polycarboxylate superplasticizers was written by Ilg, Manuel;Plank, Johann. And the article was included in Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects in 2020.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

The dispersing ability of polycarboxylate superplasticizers (PCEs) can be ascribed to the electrostatic and steric stabilization of cement suspensions. For this purpose, PCEs need to adsorb on the cement particle surface to become effective at all. In this study, it is demonstrated that at low water to cement ratios ≤ 0.30, even non-ionic mols. like diethylene glycol or 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol which do not adsorb on cement, but remain dissolved in the interstitial pore solution, can greatly enhance cement dispersion when combined with PCEs such as conventional methacrylate ester based comb co-polymers. Their effect as co-dispersant is particularly pronounced for PCEs possessing a low side chain d. and long side chain length. Relative to the co-dispersants it was found that especially non-polar small mols. like neopentyl glycol greatly enhance the paste fluidity. These mols. significantly reduce the surface tension of the pore solution and thus increase the wettability of cement. Based on results from spread flow tests, adsorption measurements and pendant drop tensiometry it is concluded that in cementitious systems formulated at low w/c ratios, non-adsorbing mols. with a mol. weight of ≤ 1000 g/mol induce repulsive depletion forces which prevent cement particles from agglomeration. This way, such small mols. act as auxiliary or co-dispersant when combined with PCEs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Category: ethers-buliding-blocks).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Millipedes vs. pathogens: Defensive secretions of some julids (Diplopoda: Julida) as potential antimicrobial agents was written by Ilic, Bojan;Dimkic, Ivica;Unkovic, Nikola;Grbic, Milica Ljaljevic;Vukojevic, Jelena;Vujisic, Ljubodrag;Tesevic, Vele;Stankovic, Slavisa;Makarov, Slobodan;Lucic, Luka. And the article was included in Journal of Applied Entomology in 2018.Safety of 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione This article mentions the following:

In the light of growing interest in discovering new sources of natural antimicrobial agents, we extracted and tested the efficiency of julid defensive secretions in comparison with com. used antibiotic and antimycotics. This work involved chem. characterization of the defensive secretions of Cylindroiulus boleti (C. L. Koch, 1847), Megaphyllum bosniense (Verhoeff, 1897) and M. unilineatum (C. L. Koch, 1838), as well as in vitro evaluation of their antimicrobial activity against 11 bacteria, one yeast and eight filamentous fungi. Compounds of the analyzed defensive secretions included p-benzoquinones, alkyl esters of fatty acids and ketones. Ketones were recorded for the first time in the order Julida, and they were detected in secretions of both Megaphyllum species. All three analyzed defensive secretions showed antibacterial and antifungal potential against all of the tested pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus proved to be the most sensitive bacterial strain to all analyzed secretions. Also, defensive secretion of M. unilineatum showed significant antibacterial potential against Bacillus subtilis. The most resistant bacterial strains in this study were Escherichia coli,Erwinia persicina and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Analyzed defensive secretions achieved the strongest antifungal activity against Aspergillus parasiticus (secretions of all three millipede species), Penicillium griseofulvum (secretions of C. boleti and M. bosniense) and Cladosporium oxysporum (secretion of M. unilineatum). The most resistant mycromycetes were A. niger (to all tested defensive secretions), A. flavus (to secretion of M. unilineatum) and P. lanosum (to secretions of C. boleti and M. bosniense). Our results showed a generally lower level of activity compared to antibiotic and a significantly higher level compared to antimycotics. The results of this study elucidate and open opportunities for further research in the field of millipede chem. ecol. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Safety of 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Safety of 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Characterization of the solid-electrolyte interphase between a Cu electrode and LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂-triglyme solvate ionic liquid was written by Serizawa, Nobuyuki;Kitta, Kazuki;Tachikawa, Naoki;Katayama, Yasushi. And the article was included in Journal of the Electrochemical Society in 2020.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

The formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on a Cu electrode was investigated in 50.0-50.0 mol% lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (LiTFSA)-triglyme (G3, CH₃(OCH₂CH₂)₃OCH₃) solvate ionic liquid, [Li(G3)]TFSA, using electrochem. impedance spectroscopy (EIS), XPS, and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FT-IR). The Li⁺ conductive SEI was formed on a Cu electrode by keeping the potential at 0 V vs. Li|Li(I). The resistance and capacitance attributable to the SEI changed over a period of 24 h in EIS spectra, suggesting the sluggish SEI formation on the Cu electrode in [Li(G3)]TFSA. XPS and FT-IR spectra indicated the existence of G3, TFSA^–, [Li(G3)]⁺, and/or their decomposition products in the SEI. In contrast, LiF was not found in the SEI, suggesting LiF was not formed by the cathodic decomposition of [Li(G3)]TFSA on the Cu electrode at 0 V. The whisker-like growth of Li on a Cu electrode was suppressed after the SEI formation at 0 V probably due to the formation of homogeneous and low-conductive SEI layer. The coulombic efficiency for deposition and dissolution of Li was improved with the SEI formation at 0 V prior to the measurements, suggesting the SEI on a Cu electrode affected the reversibility of the Li anode. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Category: ethers-buliding-blocks).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Category: ethers-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem