Month: October 2022

Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. 111-90-0, formula is C6H14O3, Name is Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3. HPLC of Formula: 111-90-0.

Kim, Dae Jin;Hong, Chang Seop;Yoo, Bok Ryul research published ã€?Development of continuous process for the preparation of tetraethyl orthosilicate through the reaction of metallurgical silicon with ethanol in the presence of base salt catalystã€? the research content is summarized as follows. In this study, tetra-Et orthosilicate (TEOS) was synthesized by the continuous reaction of metallurgical silicon (MSi) with ethanol. The results obtained herein suggest that among all the alkali metal base catalysts, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether sodium (DEGEE-Na) is the best catalyst; this is because it does not require any extra diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE-H) as excess DEGEE-H results in its decomposition products. It is present in a solid phase at room temperature; however, it changes into a liquid phase under the reaction conditions. In contrast, DEGEE-Li was not suitable for this reaction, whereas DEGEE-K required extra DEGEE-H as a solvent because of the solidification of the reaction mixture in the reaction with MSi. When the continuous reaction was carried out by feeding ethanol into a mixture of MSi and DEGEE-Na salt catalyst (1:1 weight% ratio) at 175°C, TEOS was obtained with a yield of 70.6%. In addition to TEOS, small amounts of byproducts, such as (2-ethoxyethoxy)triethoxysilane and hexaethoxydisiloxane were obtained and unreacted ethanol was recovered and recycled. For the preparation of TEOS, activation of MSi is an important step in the reaction with ethanol. We believe that this continuous process for preparing TEOS is more economically competitive and eco-friendly method.

HPLC of Formula: 111-90-0, Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether appears as a colorless, slightly viscous liquid with a mild pleasant odor. Flash point near 190°F. Used to make soaps, dyes, and other chemicals.
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2. It has a role as a protic solvent. It is a diether, a primary alcohol and a hydroxypolyether. It derives from a diethylene glycol., 111-90-0.

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. 122775-35-3, formula is C8H11BO4, Name is 3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid.They have the general formula R–O–Râ€? where R and Râ€?represent the alkyl or aryl groups. Recommanded Product: 3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid.

Kim, Alexia N.;Ngamnithiporn, Aurapat;Bartberger, Michael D.;Stoltz, Brian M. research published ã€?Iridium-catalyzed asymmetric trans-selective hydrogenation of 1,3-disubstituted isoquinolinesã€? the research content is summarized as follows. The development of the first asym. trans-selective hydrogenation of 1,3-disubstituted isoquinolines is reported. Utilizing [Ir(cod)Cl]₂ and a com. available chiral Josiphos ligand, a variety of differentially substituted isoquinolines are hydrogenated to produce enantioenriched trans-tetrahydroisoquinolines in good yield with high levels of enantioselectivity. Directing group studies demonstrate that the hydroxymethyl functionality at the C1 position is critical for hydrogenation to favor the trans-diastereomer. Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that non-coordinating chlorinated solvents and halide additives are crucial to enable trans-selectivity.

Recommanded Product: 3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid, 3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C8H11BO4 and its molecular weight is 181.98 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid contains varying amounts of anhydride.
3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid is a bacterial mutagen. A useful intermediate for organic synthesis.
3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid is a boronate ester that has been shown to be an effective coupling partner for the Suzuki reaction. It has also been used in cancer therapy and as a photochemical probe for the study of biological properties. 3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid has been shown to demethylate DNA and inhibit methionine aminopeptidase activity. It also cross-couples with halides, such as chlorides or iodides, and activates tertiary alcohols. 3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid is soluble in organic solvents and can be used in supramolecular chemistry., 122775-35-3.

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. 111-90-0, formula is C6H14O3, Name is Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether.They have the general formula R–O–Râ€? where R and Râ€?represent the alkyl or aryl groups. Application of C6H14O3.

Khursheed, Rubiya;Singh, Sachin Kumar;Gulati, Monica;Wadhwa, Sheetu;Kapoor, Bhupinder;Pandey, Narendra Kumar;Chellappan, Dinesh Kumar;Gupta, Gaurav;Jha, Niraj Kumar;Dua, Kamal;Kapoor, Deepak N.;Karri, Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy;Pattanayak, Prapti;Sharni, A.;Mondal, Sumana research published �Exploring role of polysaccharides present in Ganoderma lucidium extract powder and probiotics as solid carriers in development of liquisolid formulation loaded with quercetin: A novel study� the research content is summarized as follows. Ganoderma lucidium extract powder (GLEP) contains various polysaccharides which are well known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Probiotics (PB) are well-established for providing a plethora of health benefits. Hence, use of mushroom polysaccharides and probiotics as carriers to solidify liquisolid formulation is anticipated to function as functional excipients i.e. as adsorbent that may provide therapeutic benefits. Quercetin (QUR) has been used as model lipophilic drug in this study. QUR loaded liquisolid compacts (LSCs) were formulated using Tween 80 as solvent. These were further solidified using a combination of PB and GLEP as carriers. Aerosil-200 (A-200) was used as coating agent. The formulation exhibited very good flow characteristics. Dissolution rate of raw QUR was found to be less than 10% in 60 min while in case of QUR loaded LSCs, more than 90% drug release was observed within 5 min. Absence of crystalline peaks of QUR in the DSC and PXRD reports of LSCs and their porous appearance in SEM micrographs indicate that QUR was successfully incorporated in the LSCs. The developed formulation was found to be stable on storage under accelerated stability conditions.

111-90-0, Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether appears as a colorless, slightly viscous liquid with a mild pleasant odor. Flash point near 190°F. Used to make soaps, dyes, and other chemicals.
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2. It has a role as a protic solvent. It is a diether, a primary alcohol and a hydroxypolyether. It derives from a diethylene glycol., Application of C6H14O3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Ethers lack the hydroxyl groups of alcohols. Without the strongly polarized O―H bond, ether molecules cannot engage in hydrogen bonding with each other. 122775-35-3, formula is C8H11BO4, Name is 3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid. Ethers do have nonbonding electron pairs on their oxygen atoms, however, and they can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. Recommanded Product: 3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid.

Khorsandi, Zahra;Metkazini, S. Fatemeh Mohammadi;Heydari, Akbar;Varma, Rajender S. research published 《 Visible light-driven direct synthesis of ketones from aldehydes via C-H bond activation using NiCu nanoparticles adorned on carbon nano onions》, the research content is summarized as follows. An efficient, straightforward and high yield synthetic approach is described for the direct synthesis of diaryl ketones via the C-H bond activation of aldehydes using Ni-Cu nanoparticles adorned on carbon nano onions as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst under the irradiation of a mercury-vapor lamp (400 w) via simple workup. This C-H bond activation reaction appears simple and convenient with a wide substrate scope in view of its excellent synthesis prowess as illustrated in the preparation of new-approved anti-Alzheimer and anti-HIV medicinal compounds under greener and mild reaction conditions; catalyst could be recycled and reused five times without any loss of catalytic activity.

Recommanded Product: 3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid, 3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C8H11BO4 and its molecular weight is 181.98 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid contains varying amounts of anhydride.
3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid is a bacterial mutagen. A useful intermediate for organic synthesis.
3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid is a boronate ester that has been shown to be an effective coupling partner for the Suzuki reaction. It has also been used in cancer therapy and as a photochemical probe for the study of biological properties. 3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid has been shown to demethylate DNA and inhibit methionine aminopeptidase activity. It also cross-couples with halides, such as chlorides or iodides, and activates tertiary alcohols. 3,4-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid is soluble in organic solvents and can be used in supramolecular chemistry., 122775-35-3.

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Ethers do have nonbonding electron pairs on their oxygen atoms, 111-90-0, formula is C6H14O3, Name is Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds. Recommanded Product: Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether.

Khoa Huynh, Nguyen Anh;Do, Thi Hong Tuoi;Le, Xuan Loc;Huynh, Truc Thanh Ngoc;Nguyen, Duc Hanh;Tran, Ngoc Khue;Tran, Cao Thuy Ha Lan;Nguyen, Dai Hai;Truong, Cong Tri research published 《 Development of softgel capsules containing cyclosporine a encapsulated pine essential oil based self-microemulsifying drug delivery system》, the research content is summarized as follows. In this study, a new self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) based on pine essential oil has been designed and successfully developed to load cyclosporine A (CsA), a poorly water-soluble immunosuppressant, for oral CsA softgel manufacturing SMEDDS were prepared from pine essential oil and Capmul MCM as oily phases, Kolliphor RH 40 as surfactant, polyethylen glycol 400 as co-surfactant/co-solvent and none volatized co-solvent utilizing the pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. CsA SMEDDS loading 9.09% of CsA, dispersed in aqueous environments (water, pH 1.2, 4.5 and 6.8 buffers), presented an average droplet size of about 160 nm with polydispersity index (PdI) below 0.25, and were stable after 6 h of self-emulsification. Cytotoxicity of CsA SMEDDS on LLC-PK1 cells demonstrated that CsA SMEDDS had an IC50 value greater than that of the reference product, suggesting product safety against nephrotoxicity. CsA SMEDDS was filled into oval-5 soft gelatin capsules (softgels) containing 0.5% glycine which could avoid the crosslinking process. Addnl., CsA SMEDDS softgels presented the in vitro release profiles equivalent to that of Sandimmun Neoral at pH 1.2, 4.5 and 6.8. Therefore, the pine essential oil based SMEDDS was considered to be potential and suitable for developing softgels to enhance the oral bioavailability of CsA.

111-90-0, Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether appears as a colorless, slightly viscous liquid with a mild pleasant odor. Flash point near 190°F. Used to make soaps, dyes, and other chemicals.
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2. It has a role as a protic solvent. It is a diether, a primary alcohol and a hydroxypolyether. It derives from a diethylene glycol., Recommanded Product: Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Ethers do have nonbonding electron pairs on their oxygen atoms, 111-90-0, formula is C6H14O3, Name is Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds. Recommanded Product: Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether.

Khandelwal, Mukul K.;Srinivasan, Bharath;Kumari, Kabita;Jayaraman, Anbu;Rajamanickam, Deveswaran research published 《 Peroral delivery of risedronate sodium for treatment of osteoporosis》, the research content is summarized as follows. Oral route of administration is considered as most widely accepted route which is a potential site for drug delivery, direct access to systemic circulation and site of action. Bisphosphonates are the class of drugs which have been approved for clin. use in osteoporosis and other bone diseases. Bisphosphonates are very poorly absorbed from the GI tract and have limited bioavailability of less than 1% with adverse gastrointestinal effects in humans. The present work aimed to develop sublingual spray formulation using Risedronate sodium with combination of Pullulan gum and HPMC E5. Formulation of sublingual spray was developed by employing optimization technique. The optimized formulation was selected and evaluated for various pharmaco-tech. parameters such as viscosity, spray angle, drug content per actuation, In-vitro drug diffusion study, Ex-vivo permeation study and In-vivo pharmacodynamics study by glucocorticoid induced model in rats. Pharmaco-tech. parameter results of optimized formulation showed satisfactory results. Comparative In-vitro drug permeation and ex-vivo permeation studies showed maximum drug release of 85% for optimized formulation incorporated with permeation enhance transcutol. In-vivo pharmacodynamic study showed better efficacy in treatment animals with optimized formulation and thus newly developed risedronate sodium sublingual spray proved to be effective used in treatment of osteoporosis.

111-90-0, Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether appears as a colorless, slightly viscous liquid with a mild pleasant odor. Flash point near 190°F. Used to make soaps, dyes, and other chemicals.
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2. It has a role as a protic solvent. It is a diether, a primary alcohol and a hydroxypolyether. It derives from a diethylene glycol., Recommanded Product: Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. 73724-45-5, formula is C18H17NO5, Name is Fmoc-Ser-OH.They have the general formula R–O–R′, where R and R′ represent the alkyl or aryl groups. Application of C18H17NO5.

Khan, Sadiq Noor;Shaheen, Farzana;Aleem, Umair;Sheikh, Sumbla;Tamfu, Alfred Ngenge;Ashraf, Sajda;Ul-Haq, Zaheer;Ullah, Saeed;Wahab, Atia-tul-;Choudhary, M. Iqbal;Jahan, Humera research published 《 Peptide conjugates of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid as potent inhibitors of α-glucosidase and AGEs-induced oxidation》, the research content is summarized as follows. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA) is known for several biol. activities, and has been the focus of extensive research for the development of therapeutic agents. In the current study, 18β-GA-peptide conjugates 2-11 were evaluated for their in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory and antiglycation activities. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) established and mol. interactions of active bioconjugates with the enzyme′s binding sites were predicted through mol. modeling approach. In tripeptide moiety of conjugates 2-11, peptide residue at position 1 was found to have a significant role on α-glucosidase inhibition. The most active 18β-GA-peptide conjugates 5 (18β-GA-Cys¹-Tyr²-Gly³), and 8 (18β-GA-Pro¹-Tyr²-Gly³) exhibited several-fold potent α-glucosidase inhibition (IC₅₀ values 20-28 ΜM), as compared to standard drug acarbose (IC₅₀ = 875.8 ± 2.10 ΜM). Kinetic studies of potent compounds, 4-8 revealed that conjugate 5 exhibits competitive-type of inhibition, while conjugates 6-8 showed a non-competitive type of inhibition. The simulation studies also supported the kinetic results that conjugate 5 (18β-GA-Cys¹-Tyr²-Gly³) inhibits the α-glucosidase enzyme by blocking its substrate binding site. AGEs-induced NO• inhibitors play an important role in controlling the inflammation associated with diabetes mellitus. The peptide conjugates 2-11 were also evaluated in vitro for AGEs-induced NO• inhibition using RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Our data revealed that conjugates 7-10 were the more potent AGEs-induced NO• inhibitors, comparable to standards rutin, and PDTC. The peptide conjugate 5 (a competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase) also exhibited a strong inhibitory activity against AGEs-induced NO• production Furthermore, peptide conjugates 2-11 were found non-cytotoxic to mouse fibroblast NIH-3T3, and murine macrophages RAW 264.7 cell lines. In conclusion, our data demonstrates that besides possessing strong α-glucosidase inhibition, the newly synthesized peptide conjugates also alleviated the AGEs-induced NO• production in RAW macrophages. Dual inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme, and AGEs-induced NO• production by 18β-GA-peptide conjugates qualify them for further research in anti-diabetic drug discovery.

73724-45-5, Fmoc-Ser-OH, also known as Fmoc-Ser-OH, is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C18H17NO5 and its molecular weight is 327.3 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
Fmoc-L-Ser-OH is a synthetic peptide that belongs to the group of glycopeptides. It is used as a model for such compounds and has been shown to have antimicrobial activity in vitro against gram-positive bacteria, especially Staphylococcus epidermidis. This compound was synthesized from 3-mercaptopropionic acid and chloride in the presence of hydroxyl groups and epidermal growth factor. The synthetic pathway can be divided into three steps: (1) condensation of 3-mercaptopropionic acid with hydrochloric acid to yield 3-mercaptoacrylic acid; (2) esterification of 3-mercaptoacrylic acid with glycine to form Fmoc-L-Ser; and (3) deprotection of Fmoc protecting group., Application of C18H17NO5

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Ethers can again be classified into two varieties: if the alkyl or aryl groups are the same on both sides of the oxygen atom, 530-59-6, formula is C11H12O5, Name is 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid. Then it is a simple or symmetrical ether, whereas if they are different, the ethers are called mixed or unsymmetrical ethers. HPLC of Formula: 530-59-6.

Khan, Palwasha;Akhtar, Naveed research published 《 Phytochemical investigations and development of ethosomal gel with Brassica oleraceae L. (Brassicaceae) extract: An innovative nano approach towards cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry》, the research content is summarized as follows. The study was aimed to develop and characterize plant extract (Brassica oleraceae) loaded ethosomal gel for the valuation of cosmeceutical applications with a credence that botanical extracts have a greater capability to be employed in the formulation of advanced pharmaceuticals. Phytochem. profiling via FT-IR anal., total bioactive contents of different polarity extracts (ethanol, dichloromethane, ethyl-acetate and chloroform) and quantification by using High Performance Liquid Chromatog. (HPLC) assay was carried out. Capabilities against oxidative stress were prodded through 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reduction potential analyses. Besides this, a correlation amongst total bioactive contents (TPC/TFC) and antioxidant potentials (biol. activities) was studied by multi-variate statistical anal. An augmented ethosomal preparation, after characterization and stability studies was incorporated to the gel matrix of Carbopol-940; Test/ EG (Ethosomal gel) with a Control/NEG (Non-ethosomal gel) formulation. Both formulations were then subjected to in-vitro characterization (organoleptic evaluation, pH, conductivity and rheol.) of 90 days. By permeation studies flux (μg/cm2/h); enhancement ratio was calculated and characterization of release data was done by using different kinetic models. The plant extracts revealed the presence of different functional groups along with 39.6 ± 0.5 mgGAE/g; 26.56 ± 0.4 mgQE/g phenolic and flavonoid contents, resp.; HPLC assay confirmed the existence of Quercetin, Gallic, Caffiec, Benzoic, Syringic and Sinapic Acids with highest antioxidant activity of 87.75% ± 1.18 in hydro-alc. fraction. Optimized ethosomal formulation exhibited entrapment efficiency of 68.57 ± 1.25, smallest vesicle size of 228.6 ± 1.17 nm with – 21.3 ± 0.15, zeta potential and a homogeneous size distribution of 0.233 ± 0.02. Significant results were obtained after in-vitro characterization. Both formulations followed Korsmeyer-peppas model with flux 35.499 and 21.731μg/cm2/h resp. and enhancement ratio 1.63. Thus, a stable ethosomal loaded gel of Brassica oleraceae extract was successfully developed and characterized for cosmeceutical potential.

HPLC of Formula: 530-59-6, Sinapinic acid is a chemical compound that is the dihydroxybenzoic acid derivative of sinapic acid. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo. Sinapinic acid inhibits the activity of various enzymes, such as cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP). It also decreases levels of adhesion molecules and downregulates inflammatory response genes. Sinapinic acid has been shown to reduce inflammation by inhibiting the formation of proinflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin E2 or leukotriene B4, in endothelial cells and mammary epithelial cells.
Sinapic acid is a phenylpropanoid hydroxycinnamic acid with diverse biological activities. Sinapic acid inhibits collagen-induced human platelet aggregation by up to 70% in vitro (IC50 = 1.03 mM). It scavenges 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH; ) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) free radicals with IC50 values of 8.3 and 5.4 μg/ml, respectively. Sinapic acid (200 μM) reduces colony formation of SW480 human colon carcinoma cells by 4-fold. It also inhibits colony formation of E. coli, S. enteritidis, and S. aureus on agar (MICs = 2.2, 2, and 1.8 mM, respectively). In vivo, sinapic acid (4 mg/kg, p.o.) increases the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze by approximately 15% in mice, an effect that can be blocked by the GABAA receptor antagonists flumazenil and bicuculline. Sinapic acid is also commonly used as a matrix in protein mass spectrometry.
Sinapic acid analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.
Sinapic acid is an hydroxycinnamic acid derivative that occurs naturally in Brassicaceae species.
cis-Sinapic acid, also known as cis-sinapate or synapitic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxycinnamic acids. Hydroxycinnamic acids are compounds containing an cinnamic acid where the benzene ring is hydroxylated. cis-Sinapic acid is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. Within the cell, cis-sinapic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm. Outside of the human body, cis-sinapic acid can be found in common pea and pulses. This makes cis-sinapic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Cis-sinapic acid is a 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid in which the double bond has cis-configuration. It has been isolated from the shoots of alfalfa. It has a role as a plant metabolite., 530-59-6.

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. 111-90-0, formula is C6H14O3, Name is Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether.They have the general formula R–O–R′, where R and R′ represent the alkyl or aryl groups. HPLC of Formula: 111-90-0.

Khalilollah, Parandis;Shokri, Javad;Ahmadi, Seyedehzahra;Monajjemzadeh, Farnaz research published 《 Effects of transcutol p and precirol ATO-5 on percutaneous absorption of flutamide from emulgels》, the research content is summarized as follows. Flutamide is a non-steroidal anti-androgenic agent which is not only used in treating prostate cancer but also can be effective in some disorders such as androgenic alopecia and male pattern baldness. Several serious side effects for systemic administration of flutamide can be overcome by emulgel dosage form. Absorption enhancers can promote permeation of flutamide through skin. Percutaneous absorption of Flutamide emulgels with different concentrations of Transcutol P and Precirol ATO5 was studied. Various emulgel formulations using different concentrations of Transcutol P and Precirol ATO5 with 0.5 to 5% weight/weight were prepared Percutaneous absorption was tested with standard Franz Diffusion Cell equipment using full thickness rat skin. Drug concentrations in the samples were analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatog. (HPLC) equipped with UV-Vis detector at 305 nm. The percutaneous absorption of flutamide emulgels formulated with enhancers was higher than control formulations. The enhancement ratio increased from 1.218 to 3.670 and 1.346 to 3.900 for Precirol ATO5 and Transcutol P, resp. The area under the Curve (AUC) increased by increasing the enhancers’ concentration and a significant upsurge was seen in the concentration 1% for both enhancers. The flutamide emulgel containing 1% Transcutol P showed more appropriate percutaneous absorption through the skin compared to others.

111-90-0, Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether appears as a colorless, slightly viscous liquid with a mild pleasant odor. Flash point near 190°F. Used to make soaps, dyes, and other chemicals.
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2. It has a role as a protic solvent. It is a diether, a primary alcohol and a hydroxypolyether. It derives from a diethylene glycol., HPLC of Formula: 111-90-0

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Ethers can again be classified into two varieties: if the alkyl or aryl groups are the same on both sides of the oxygen atom, 111-90-0, formula is C6H14O3, Name is Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether. Then it is a simple or symmetrical ether, whereas if they are different, the ethers are called mixed or unsymmetrical ethers. Category: ethers-buliding-blocks.

Khade, Prashant;Pathan, Amjadkhan A. research published 《 Formulation and evaluation of microemulsion gel for transdermal delivery of nifedipine》, the research content is summarized as follows. The objective of this research was to design a new microemulsion gel for transdermal delivery of Nifedipine. For its good solubilizing capacity and skin penetration capability, a microemulsion-based system was selected. Castor oil, Tween 20, and PEG 400 were screened as oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant resp. from the solubility study. From pseudo ternary phase diagrams, the concentration of oil phase, Smix, and distilled water were determined and further processed for the formulation of Nifedipine microemulsion. Nifedipine loaded microemulsion optimized by stability study and in vitro permeation study. 1 percent weight/weight Carbopol was used to develop a microemulsion gel formulation. Using Keshary Chien diffusion cells, the efficacy of several microemulsion formulations to transport Nifedipine through the rat skin was studied in vitro. The in vitro permeation data showed that microemulsion gel increased the permeation rate (0.373 mg/cm²/h) of Nifedipine compared with the control solution (0.129 mg/cm²/h). All microemulsion formulations had droplet sizes ranging from 69 to 82 nm. The studied microemulsion gels were stable toward all stability conditions. A skin irritation study suggested that Nifedipine loaded microemulsion and microemulsion gel formulation were nonirritating and did not cause erythema. Thus, microemulsion gel systems are a promising formulation for the transdermal delivery of Nifedipine.

Category: ethers-buliding-blocks, Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether appears as a colorless, slightly viscous liquid with a mild pleasant odor. Flash point near 190°F. Used to make soaps, dyes, and other chemicals.
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2. It has a role as a protic solvent. It is a diether, a primary alcohol and a hydroxypolyether. It derives from a diethylene glycol., 111-90-0.

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem