Month: December 2022

Kinetics and mechanism of Rhodium (III) catalysed oxidation of digols by acidic solution of N-bromoacetamide was written by Singh, Ram Naresh. And the article was included in Journal Chemtracks in 2020.Quality Control of 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol This article mentions the following:

The kinetics of Rh (III) catalyzed oxidation of digol, Me digol and Et digol by N-bromoacetamide in perchloric acid was studied. First order kinetics in lower concentration of NBA tends to zero order at higher concentrations and zero order kinetics with respect to each of digol. Me digol and Et digol was observed All the reaction shows neg. effect of concentration of H+ ion on reaction rate. Neg. effect on addition of chloride ion on rate of reaction was observed All the reaction showed fractional order with respect to Rh (III) used as homogenous catalyst. Zero effect of addition of mercuric acetate on reaction rates was observed A plausible mechanism conforming to all the observed kinetic data has been proposed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Quality Control of 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Quality Control of 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Electrochemical detection of the 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine model odorant based on odorant-binding proteins: The proof of concept was written by Barou, Emilie;Sigoillot, Maud;Bouvet, Marcel;Briand, Loic;Meunier-Prest, Rita. And the article was included in Bioelectrochemistry in 2015.SDS of cas: 605-94-7 This article mentions the following:

We developed an electrochem. assay for the detection of odorant mols. based on a rat odorant-binding protein (rOBP3). We demonstrated that rOBP3 cavity binds 2-methyl-1,4-naphtoquinone (MNQ), an electrochem. probe, as depicted from the decrease of its electrochem. signal, and deduced the dissociation constant, Kd_MNQ = 0.5(± 0.2) μM. The amount of MNQ displaced from rOBP3 by 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine (IBMP), a model odorant mol., was measured using square-wave voltammetry. The release of MNQ by competition led to an increase of the electrochem. response. In addition, this method allowed determination of the dissociation constant of rOBP3 for IBMP, Kd_IBMP = 0.5(± 0.1) μM. A neg. control was performed with a non-binding species, caffeic acid (CA). The determined binding affinity values were confirmed using a fluorescent competitive binding assay and isothermal titration microcalorimetry. This electrochem. assay opens the way for designing robust, reliable and inexpensive odorant biosensors. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7SDS of cas: 605-94-7).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).SDS of cas: 605-94-7

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Modulating the Elementary Steps of Methanol Carbonylation by Bridging the Primary and Secondary Coordination Spheres was written by Gregor, Lauren C.;Grajeda, Javier;Kita, Matthew R.;White, Peter S.;Vetter, Andrew J.;Miller, Alexander J. M.. And the article was included in Organometallics in 2016.Recommanded Product: 66943-05-3 This article mentions the following:

Kinetics and mechanism of methanol carbonylation catalyzed by iridium NCP-pincer 3-(diisopropylphosphinooxy)benzylamine complexes with N-pendant 15-crown-5 moiety was studied in dependence on secondary coordination of Lewis acidic centers. The rate of catalytic methanol carbonylation to acetic acid is typically limited by either the oxidative addition of Me iodide or the subsequent C-C bond-forming migratory insertion step. These elementary steps have been studied independently in acetonitrile solution for iridium aminophenylphosphinite (NCOP) complexes. The modular synthesis of NCOP ligands containing a macrocyclic aza-crown ether arm enables a direct comparison of two complementary catalyst optimization strategies: synthetic modification of the Ph backbone and noncovalent modification through cation-crown interactions with Lewis acids in the surrounding environment. The oxidative addition of Me iodide to iridium(I) carbonyl complexes proceeds readily at room temperature to form iridium(III) methylcarbonyl iodide complexes. The Me complexes undergo migratory insertion under 1 atm CO at 70° to produce iridium(III) acetyl species. Synthetic tuning, by incorporation of a methoxy group into the ligand backbone, had little influence on the rate. The addition of lithium and lanthanum salts, in contrast, enhanced the rate of C-C bond formation up to 25-fold. In the case of neutral iodide complexes, mechanistic studies suggest that Lewis acidic cations act as halide abstractors. In halide-free, cationic iridium complexes, the cations bind the macrocyclic ligand arm, further activating the iridium(III) center. The macrocyclic ligand is essential to the observed reactivity: complexes supported by acyclic diethylamine-containing ligands underwent migratory insertion slowly, Lewis acid effects were negligible, and the acetyl products decomposed over time. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3Recommanded Product: 66943-05-3).

1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Recommanded Product: 66943-05-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Substituent effects on the activation parameters of the reaction between 1,4-benzoquinones and hydrogen peroxide: A combined experimental and theoretical study was written by Jozsa, Eva;Jenei, Laura Barbara;Kegl, Tamas;Osz, Katalin. And the article was included in Journal of Molecular Structure in 2022.Synthetic Route of C9H10O4 This article mentions the following:

Exptl. and theor. results on the aqueous reactions of various substituted 1,4-bnzoquinone derivatives (2-tert-butyl-, 2-methyl-, 2-chloro-, 2,6-dichloro- and the unsubstituted 1,4-benzoquinone) are reported. The rate law of the process was confirmed to be first order with respect to the quinone, first order with respect to hydrogen peroxide, and inverse first order with respect to hydrogen ion, which is interpreted by a rate controlling reaction between the quinone and the mononeg. hydroperoxide ion. Activation parameters are reported for each substituted quinone except for the 2-tert-Bu derivative, where the influence of parallel and consecutive processes made it impossible to determine these kinetic parameters with satisfactory precision. The trend of the activation parameters was interpreted by Hammett correlation. In the quantum chem. studies, the M06-L functional along with the 6-311+G(d,p) basis set was used to optimize the relevant structures including the transition states of the rate controlling step. The results of the theor. calculations were in reasonable agreement with the exptl. findings. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Synthetic Route of C9H10O4).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Synthetic Route of C9H10O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

A Benzoyl Peroxide/Diphenyl Diselenide Binary System for Functionalization of Alkynes Leading to Alkenyl and Alkynyl Selenides was written by Kodama, Shintaro;Saeki, Tomokazu;Mihara, Kei;Higashimae, Shinya;Kawaguchi, Shin-ichi;Sonoda, Motohiro;Nomoto, Akihiro;Ogawa, Akiya. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2017.Formula: C6H10O2 This article mentions the following:

Binary systems consisting of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and diorganyl diselenide are effective in the selective benzoyloxyselenation of internal alkynes to afford the corresponding β-(benzoyloxy)alkenyl selenides in good yields. In contrast to internal alkynes, terminal alkynes undergo a novel C(sp)-H substitution with the phenylseleno group of the BPO/(PhSe)₂ system, providing alkynyl selenides in good yields. Both selenation reactions might proceed via benzoyloxy selenide (PhC(O)O-SeAr) as a key intermediate for electrophilic addition to alkynes. The products alkenyl and alkynyl selenides are expected to be useful synthetic intermediates in organic synthesis. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8Formula: C6H10O2).

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Formula: C6H10O2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Silver-Catalyzed Nucleophilic Deoxydifluoromethylthiolation of Activated Aliphatic Alcohols with BT-SCF₂H was written by Tironi, Matteo;Hopkinson, Matthew N.. And the article was included in European Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2022.Electric Literature of C8H10O2 This article mentions the following:

Deoxygenative conversion of alcs. into difluoromethylthioethers is reported using 2-((difluoromethyl)thio)-3-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-3-ium triflate (BT-SCF₂H) as a source of ^–SCF₂H anions. The presence of silver(I) triflate as a catalyst was found to be crucial for stabilizing the in situ-generated anion, while the concomitant formation of a reactive 2-(alkoxy)benzothiazolium electrophile likely ensures a fast onward substitution reaction, avoiding the build-up of ^–SCF₂H. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this process represents the first report of a direct nucleophilic substitution reaction with ^–SCF₂H and delivers products containing the medicinally relevant difluoromethylthio motif in a single step from widely available alcs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5Electric Literature of C8H10O2).

(4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Electric Literature of C8H10O2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

P-Type Electrochemical Doping Can Occur by Cation Expulsion in a High-Performing Polymer for Organic Electrochemical Transistors was written by Flagg, Lucas Q.;Bischak, Connor G.;Quezada, Ramsess J.;Onorato, Jonathan W.;Luscombe, Christine. K.;Ginger, David S.. And the article was included in ACS Materials Letters in 2020.Synthetic Route of C5H12O3 This article mentions the following:

We investigate the mechanism of ion-dependent charge compensation during electrochem. oxidation (doping) of the model mixed ionic/electronic transporting polythiophene derivative poly(3-{[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]methyl}thiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3MEEMT). Using a combination of electrochem. quartz microbalance gravimetry and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, we show that charge compensation during polymer redox processes proceeds via a cation-dependent mechanism. For p-type polymer oxidation in certain electrolytes, charge compensation is achieved by both eventual injection of anions into the film, as well as initial expulsion of cations from the film. We compare doping mechanisms for a variety of electrolyte salts including potassium chloride, tetrabutylammonium chloride, potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF₆), and tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate. For the electrolyte KPF₆, both the cations and anions coexist in the water-swelled polymer even prior to application of elec. bias. Our data indicate that electrochem. doping (hole injection into the polymer and ionic charge compensation) proceeds via the following mechanism: (1) hydration of the neutral film by electrolyte (water, cations, anions), (2) cation (K⁺) expulsion from the film upon initial application of an oxidative bias, and (3) anion injection into the film at higher oxidation/doping levels (>∼2 × 10²⁰/cm³). Understanding the mechanism of charge compensation during the doping process should allow for the design of improved mixed ionic/electronic conductors for use in applications ranging from organic supercapacitors and redox flow batteries to bioelectronic sensors, thermoelecs., and devices for neuromorphic computing. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Synthetic Route of C5H12O3).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Synthetic Route of C5H12O3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Ylide methylation of aromatic nitro compounds was written by Traynelis, Vincent J.;McSweeney, John Venard. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 1966.COA of Formula: C8H9NO3 This article mentions the following:

The reaction of dimethyloxosulfonium methylide with nitrobenzene produced ο- and p-nitrotoluenes in about 35% yield with an ortho/para ratio of about 10-15. Addnl. methylation reactions with 1-nitronaphthalene, ο-, m-, and p-chloronitrobenzenes, ο-, m-, and p-nitrotoluene, and m- and p-nitroanisoles are described. Some mechanistic possibilities for the origin of the products are considered. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8COA of Formula: C8H9NO3).

3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.COA of Formula: C8H9NO3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Synthesis and antiproliferative properties of 4-aminoquinazoline derivatives as inhibitors of EGF receptor-associated tyrosine kinase activity was written by Bouey-Bencteux, Edith;Loison, Cecile;Pommery, Nicole;Houssin, Raymond;Henichart, Jean-Pierre. And the article was included in Anti-Cancer Drug Design in 1998.Synthetic Route of C11H16O3 This article mentions the following:

The mitogenic action of EGF is mediated by ligand-induced autophosphorylation of the EGF receptor (EGF-R), which is commonly over-expressed in numerous human cancers. Inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity could therefore be considered as effective potential antitumor agents. For this purpose, 4-aminoquinazoline derivatives were prepared and evaluated for their ability to inhibit RTK activity and the autophosphorylation of EGF-R. In addition, these compounds were tested on A431 cell growth to estimate their antiproliferative effect. The results showed that the substituent at the 4-position of the quinazoline ring must be an aromatic amine carrying small lipophilic electron-withdrawing groups on the 3- (or 2-) position of the Ph ring. This aromatic moiety might be far from the quinazoline provided that the linking group is conformationally restricted, such as with piperazine. Hydrophilic and non-aromatic substituents such as morpholine gave completely inactive compounds Introduction of a bulk at the 2-position of the quinazoline ring in 2,4-diaminoquinazolines or tricyclic compounds led to inactive products. This study reports addnl. structure-activity relationships of a well-characterized series to develop new inhibitors of EGF-R-associated tyrosine kinase activity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3Synthetic Route of C11H16O3).

3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. The unique properties of ethers (i.e., that they are strongly polar, with nonbonding electron pairs but no hydroxyl group) enhance the formation and use of many reagents. For example, Grignard reagents cannot form unless an ether is present to share its lone pair of electrons with the magnesium atom. Complexation of the magnesium atom stabilizes the Grignard reagent and helps to keep it in solution.Synthetic Route of C11H16O3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Kinetic study of the oxidation of catechols in the presence of some aza-crown ethers by digital simulation of cyclic voltammograms was written by Nematollahi, Davood;Mohammadi-Behzad, Leila;Davarani, Saied Saeed Hossainy. And the article was included in Electroanalysis in 2009.Electric Literature of C10H21NO4 This article mentions the following:

The electrochem. oxidation of catechols (1) were studied in the presence of diaza-18-crown-6 (DA18C6) (3a), diaza-15-crown-5 (DA15C5) (3b), and aza-15-crown-5 (A15C5) (3c) as nucleophiles in aqueous solution, by cyclic voltammetry and controlled-potential coulometry. The results indicate the participation of electrochem. generated o-benzoquinones (2) in Michael-type reaction with aza-crown ethers (3) to form the corresponding new o-benzoquinone-aza-crown ether adducts (5). Based on ECE mechanism, the observed homogeneous rate constants (k_obs) of the reaction of o-bezoquinones (2) with aza-crown ethers (3) were estimated by comparing the exptl. cyclic voltammograms with the digital simulated results. The calculated observed homogeneous rate constants (k_obs) was found to vary in the order DA18C6 > DA15C5 > A15C5. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3Electric Literature of C10H21NO4).

1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. The unique properties of ethers (i.e., that they are strongly polar, with nonbonding electron pairs but no hydroxyl group) enhance the formation and use of many reagents. For example, Grignard reagents cannot form unless an ether is present to share its lone pair of electrons with the magnesium atom. Complexation of the magnesium atom stabilizes the Grignard reagent and helps to keep it in solution.Electric Literature of C10H21NO4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem