Month: February 2023

Journey of a molecule from the solid to the gas phase and vice versa: direct estimation of vapor pressure of alkaline-earth metalorganic precursors for atmospheric pressure vapor phase deposition of fluoride films was written by Lo Presti, Francesca;Pellegrino, Anna L.;Malandrino, Graziella. And the article was included in Dalton Transactions in 2022.Formula: C8H18O4 This article mentions the following:

Atm. pressure (AP) vapor phase processes such as spatial at. layer deposition (S-ALD) and AP-metalorganic chem. vapor deposition (AP-MOCVD) are becoming increasingly appealing for their use in a variety of academic and industrial applications. Evaluation of precursor vapor pressures is crucial for their application in AP processes and to this aim the Langmuir equation has been applied as a simple and straightforward method for estimating the vapor pressure and vaporization enthalpy of various metalorganic precursors. Using benzoic acid as a calibration reference, the vapor pressure-temperature curves for several alk.-earth β-diketonate fluorinated compounds, with mol. formula “M(hfa)₂·L” (with M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; Hhfa = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetone and L = diglyme, triglyme, and tetraglyme) are derived from their termogravimetric curves. Thus, the enthalpy of vaporization of all complexes has been estimated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. As a proof of concept, preliminary results on the use of [Mg(hfa)₂·2H₂O]·2diglyme and [Ca(hfa)₂·diglyme·H₂O] or [Ca(hfa)₂·triglyme] as precursors for AP-MOCVD deposition of MgF₂ and CaF₂ in the form of thin films are presented. This approach may be used to easily determine vapor pressures of complexes and thus evaluate “a priori” the suitability of a compound as precursor for AP-MOCVD and/or spatial ALD. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Formula: C8H18O4).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Formula: C8H18O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel diphenylamine derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors targeting the colchicine binding site was written by Yan, Xiang-Yu;Leng, Jia-Fu;Chen, Ting-Ting;Zhao, Yong-Jun;Kong, Ling-Yi;Yin, Yong. And the article was included in European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2022.Safety of 4-Bromo-2,6-difluoroanisole This article mentions the following:

A novel series of diphenylamine derivatives were designed and synthesized I and their biol. activities were evaluated. The anti-proliferative activities of the derivatives were tested against five human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, A549, HeLa and HT29). Among them, I exhibited the promising anti-proliferative activity against HT29 cell lines with the IC₅₀ value of 23 nM. Further biol. studies depicted that I inhibited cancer cell migration, colony formation and angiogenesis. Besides, dynamics studies and mol. docking studies revealed that I inhibited tubulin polymerization which may be a result of the compound binding to the colchicine site of tubulin. Furthermore,I arrested HT29 cell cycle at G2/M phase, and induced HT29 cell apoptosis by upregulating cyclin B1, Bcl-2, Bax, Cleaved-caspase9, Cleaved-caspase3, PARP, Cleaved-PARP proteins, and downregulating p-cdc25c (S216), p-cdc2 (T15) proteins. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also determined to confirm the cell apoptosis process. Finally, I greatly inhibited the tumor growth in HT29 xenograft mice by 75.5% at 10 mg/kg. Meanwhile, I owned the good pharmacokinetic properties. All the results promised that I is of potential to act as an antitumor candidate and worthy of further investigation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Bromo-2,6-difluoroanisole (cas: 104197-14-0Safety of 4-Bromo-2,6-difluoroanisole).

4-Bromo-2,6-difluoroanisole (cas: 104197-14-0) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Safety of 4-Bromo-2,6-difluoroanisole

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Developing Eco-Friendly Skin Care Formulations with Microemulsions of Essential Oil was written by Lee, Sie Huey;Chow, Pui Shan;Yagnik, Chetan Kantilal. And the article was included in Cosmetics in 2022.Safety of 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol This article mentions the following:

With the rising public awareness of environmental issues, consumers are increasingly demanding skin care products that create less environmental impact but still provide the same or even greater efficacy. In the skin care arena, microemulsions have been receiving increased attention as the promising delivery technol. of skin care actives. Essential oils such as peppermint oil, lavender oil and eucalyptus oil are purported to have excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties that could be used as the eco-friendly alternatives for synthetic antioxidants and preservatives in the skin care formulations. This work therefore seeks to develop eco-friendly skin care formulations based on microemulsions of essential oil. Peppermint oil, lavender oil and eucalyptus oil were used as the oil phase to formulate naringin-loaded microemulsions, which demonstrated similar or better antioxidant and antimicrobial properties compared to the synthetic ones. When formulated into gel form, naringin-loaded microemulsion-gel formulations showed enhanced stability and release profile over their unformulated counterpart. Hence, microemulsions of essential oil developed in this work conferred a 4-fold benefits to the skin care formulations: (1) improved release (membrane permeation) of skin care active, (2) improved stability of skin care active, (3) as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic antioxidant, and (4) a self-preserving system. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Safety of 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Safety of 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Extractive distillation of benzene, toluene, and xylenes from pyrolysis gasoline using methylsulfonylethane as a cosolvent was written by Gao, Siliang;Tang, Wencheng;Zhao, Ming;Qie, Siyuan;Pang, Weiwei;Tian, Longsheng. And the article was included in Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering in 2021.Synthetic Route of C5H12O3 This article mentions the following:

Highly efficient separation of benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTXs) from pyrolysis gasoline is very important in petrochem. industries. Though the extractive distillation (ED) process is simpler and consumes less energy compared with liquid-liquid extraction process, it is difficult for a single solvent, for example, sulfolane, to achieve both high purity and high yield of BTXs. In this work, methylsulfonylethane (MSE) was chosen as a cosolvent to improve the selectivity of sulfolane after solvent screening, and factors that may affect the selectivity of the composite solvent were fully investigated, such as the content of cosolvent, solvent to feed ratio, the composition of the feed, and temperature Furthermore, 240 h of continuous extractive distillation and solvent recovery experiment was carried out using sulfolane (85 wt%)-MES (15 wt%) mixture as solvent. The purity of mixed aromatics obtained was 99.83%, and the yield was as high as 99.7%. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Synthetic Route of C5H12O3).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Synthetic Route of C5H12O3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Simple 1-dicyanomethylene-2-chloro-3-aminoindene push-pull chromophores: applications in cation and anion sensing was written by Basurto, Sara;Miguel, Daniel;Moreno, Daniel;Neo, Ana G.;Quesada, Roberto;Torroba, Tomas. And the article was included in Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry in 2010.SDS of cas: 66943-05-3 This article mentions the following:

Push-pull chromophores based on 1-dicyanomethylene-2-chloro-3-aminoindene are readily synthesized. These compounds undergo dramatic color changes in the presence of metal cations as a result of the interaction of the amino substituent with the analytes. One of these compounds is a selective Cu(ii) colorimetric probe in MeCN solution, displaying a dramatic color change upon coordination of the amine group to the metal center. These compounds are also selective cyanide sensors in MeCN solution because of the disruption of the intramol. charge transfer process as the result of the nucleophilic addition of the anion to the indene moiety. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3SDS of cas: 66943-05-3).

1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.SDS of cas: 66943-05-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

The synthesis and properties of some alkyliodophenols was written by Suter, C. M.;Schuetz, Robert D.. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 1951.SDS of cas: 75581-11-2 This article mentions the following:

Some alkyliodophenols are prepared to be tested for their bactericidal properties. Adding dropwise 58 g. Ac₂O containing 0.1 cc. concentrated H₂SO₄ to 100 g. o-EtC₆H₄OH containing 0.1 cc. concentrated H₂SO₄ over a period of 3 hrs. and fractionally distilling the mixture through a 50-cm. Vigreux column give 81% o-EtC₆H₄OAc, b₄ 77-8°, d₄²⁵ 1.0334, n_D²⁵ 1.5002. The following alkylphenyl acetates are prepared in the same way: o-Pr, b₃ 77-8°, d₄²⁵ 1.0165, n_D²⁵ 1.5040, mol. refraction (MR) 51.958; o-Bu, b₃ 100-3°, d₄²⁵ 0.9881, n_D²⁵ 1.4897, MR 56.227; o-Am, b₃ 104-6°, d₄²⁵ 0.9697, n_D²⁵ 1.4888, MR 59.949; o-C₆H₁₃OH b₄ 113-16°, d₄²⁵ 0.9500, n_D²⁵ 1.4973. o-MeC₆H₄OAc with ICl gives 4,2-IMeC₆H₃OAc, m. 55-6°, which, saponified with 10% NaOH 10 min. on a steam bath, gives 4,2-IMeC₆H₃, (I), m. 64-5°. Adding dropwise 0.81 g. Me₂SO₄ to 3 g. I in 5% NaOH within 0.5 hr. at 30° gives 4,2-IMeC₆H₃OMe, crystals from AcOH, m. 75-6°. Adding 150 g. iodine in 400 cc. H₂O containing 98.5 g. KI to 75 g. p-MeC₆H₄OH in 400 cc. H₂O containing 120 g. NaHCO₃, shaking the mixture 3 hrs., extracting it with ether, and fractionating the residue of the washed (H₂O, 5% Na₂S₂O₃) and dried ether solution in vacuo give 12.4% 2,4-IMeC₆H₃OH, b₃ 96-8°, d₄²⁵ 1.684, n_D²⁵ 1.5331, solubility in H₂O 0.08%, in 20% EtOH 0.29%. In the same way the following substituted phenols are prepared (yield, b.p., d₄²⁵, n_D²⁵, solubility (%) at 25° in H₂O and in 20% EtOH, in the order given): I, 5.2%, b₂ 105-10°, m. 64-5°, -, -, 0.09, 0.16; 2-methyl-6-iodo, 4.2%, b₂ 70-5°, m. 15-16°, 1.661, 1.6100, 0.17, 0.34; 2-ethyl-4-iodo, 3%, b₃ 126-9°, m. 48-50°, -, -, 0.21, 0.28; 2-ethyl-6-iodo, 2.5%, b₃ 98-100°, 1.679, 1.6017, 0.09, 0.86; 4-ethyl-2-iodo, 26.2%, b₄ 98-100°, 1.670, 1.5750, 0.31, 0.45; 2-propyl-4-iodo, 1.5%, b₂ 119-20°, -, -, -, -; 2-propyl-6-iodo, 1.8%, b₂ 94-5°, 1.681, 1.5846, -, -; 4-propyl-2-iodo, 11%, b₄ 132-5°, 1.655, 1.5568, 0.009, 0.014; 4-butyl-2-iodo, 5.3%, b₄ 150-2°, 1.637, 1.5895, 0.00, 0.00. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Iodo-1-methoxy-2-methylbenzene (cas: 75581-11-2SDS of cas: 75581-11-2).

4-Iodo-1-methoxy-2-methylbenzene (cas: 75581-11-2) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.SDS of cas: 75581-11-2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Rh^III-catalyzed dual directing group assisted sterically hindered C-H bond activation: a unique route to meta and ortho substituted benzofurans was written by Yeh, Chien-Hung;Chen, Wei-Chen;Gandeepan, Parthasarathy;Hong, Ya-Chun;Shih, Cheng-Hung;Cheng, Chien-Hong. And the article was included in Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry in 2014.Quality Control of 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde This article mentions the following:

A new strategy for the synthesis of highly substituted benzofurans, e.g., I (X-rays single crystal structure shown), from meta-substituted hydroxybenzenes and alkynes via a rhodium(III)-catalyzed activation of a sterically hindered C-H bond is demonstrated. A possible mechanism involving dual directing group assisted ortho C-H bond activation is proposed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (cas: 57179-35-8Quality Control of 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde).

3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (cas: 57179-35-8) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Quality Control of 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted Benzothiophenes via the Annulation of Aryl Sulfides with Alkynes was written by Masuya, Yoshihiro;Tobisu, Mamoru;Chatani, Naoto. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2016.Application of 16356-02-8 This article mentions the following:

A new method has been developed for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted benzothiophenes involving the palladium-catalyzed annulation of aryl sulfides with alkynes. This convergent approach exhibited good functional group tolerance, providing rapid access to a diverse array of derivatives from simple, readily available starting materials. This protocol can also be used to synthesize 2-silyl-substituted benzothiophenes, which can be used as versatile platforms for the synthesis of 2,3-unsym. substituted benzothiophenes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8Application of 16356-02-8).

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Application of 16356-02-8

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Enhancement of antroquinonol production during batch fermentation using pH control coupled with an oxygen vector was written by Xia, Yongjun;Chen, Yan;Liu, Xiaofeng;Zhou, Xuan;Wang, Zhaochu;Wang, Guangqiang;Xiong, Zhiqiang;Ai, Lianzhong. And the article was included in Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture in 2019.Product Details of 605-94-7 This article mentions the following:

BACKGROUND : Antroquinonol, a ubiquinone derivative that shows anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities, is produced during solid-state fermentation of Antrodia camphorata; however, it cannot be biosynthesized via conventional submerged fermentation RESULTS : A method for enhancing the biosynthesis of antroquinonol by controlling pH and adding an oxygen vector in a 7 L bioreactor was studied. In shake-flask experiments, a maximum antroquinonol production of 31.39 ± 0.78 mg L^-1 was obtained by fermentation with adding 0.2 g L^-1 coenzyme Q₀ (CoQ₀), at the 96th hour. Following kinetic anal. of the fermentation process, pH control strategies were investigated. A maximum antroquinonol production of 86.47 ± 3.65 mg L^-1 was achieved when the pH was maintained at 5.0, which exhibited an increase of 348.03% higher than the batch without pH regulation (19.30 ± 0.88 mg L^-1). The conversion rate of CoQ₀ improved from 1.51% to 20.20%. Further research revealed that the addition of n-tetradecane could increase the production of antroquinonol to 115.62 ± 4.87 mg L^-1 by increasing the dissolved oxygen in the fermentation broth. CONCLUSION : The results demonstrated that pH played an important role in antroquinonol synthesis in the presence of the effective precursor CoQ₀. It was a very effective strategy to increase the yield of antroquinonol by controlling pH and adding oxygen vector. © 2018 Society of Chem. Industry. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Product Details of 605-94-7).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Product Details of 605-94-7

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Noncovalent CDK12/13 dual inhibitors-based PROTACs degrade CDK12-Cyclin K complex and induce synthetic lethality with PARP inhibitor was written by Niu, Tian;Li, Kailin;Jiang, Li;Zhou, Zhesheng;Hong, Ju;Chen, Xuankun;Dong, Xiaowu;He, Qiaojun;Cao, Ji;Yang, Bo;Zhu, Cheng-Liang. And the article was included in European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2022.Name: 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol This article mentions the following:

Cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12) plays a crucial role in DNA-damage response gene transcription and has recently been validated as a promising target in cancer therapy. However, existing CDK12 inhibitors potently inhibit its closest isoform CDK13, which could cause potential toxicity. Therefore, the development of CDK12 inhibitors with isoform-selectivity against CDK13 continues to be a challenge. By taking advantage of the emerging PROteolysis-TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) approach, we have synthesized a potent PROTAC degrader PP-C8 based on the noncovalent dual inhibitors of CDK12/13 and demonstrated its specificity for CDK12 over CDK13. Notably, PP-C8 induces profound degradation of cyclin K simultaneously and downregulates the mRNA level of DNA-damage response genes. Global proteomics profiling revealed PP-C8 is highly selective toward CDK12-cyclin K complex. Importantly, PP-C8 demonstrates profound synergistic antiproliferative effects with PARP inhibitor in triple-neg. breast cancer (TNBC). The potent and selective CDK12 PROTAC degrader developed in this study could potentially be used to treat CDK12-dependent cancers as combination therapy. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Name: 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Name: 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem