Ethers-buliding-blocks

Facile aromatic nucleophilic substitution (S_NAr) reactions in ionic liquids: an electrophile-nucleophile dual activation by [Omim]Br for the reaction was written by Zhang, Xiao;Lu, Guo-ping;Cai, Chun. And the article was included in Green Chemistry in 2016.Application of 54916-28-8 This article mentions the following:

A facile aromatic nucleophilic substitution (S_NAr) reaction in recyclable [Omim]Br under relatively mild conditions has been described. An electrophile-nucleophile dual activation by [Omim]Br is also discovered based on control experiments, ¹H NMR and IR spectroscopies. This chem. provides an efficient and metal-free approach for the generation of C_aryl-X (X=S, N, O) bonds, many of which are significant synthetic intermediates or drugs, making this methodol. attractive to both synthetic and medicinal chem. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(4-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)ethanone (cas: 54916-28-8Application of 54916-28-8).

1-(4-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)ethanone (cas: 54916-28-8) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Application of 54916-28-8

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Urethanes synthesis from oxamic acids under electrochemical conditions was written by Ogbu, Ikechukwu Martin;Lusseau, Jonathan;Kurtay, Gulbin;Robert, Frederic;Landais, Yannick. And the article was included in Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) in 2020.Safety of 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol This article mentions the following:

Urethane RHNC(O)OR¹ [R = cyclohexyl, Bn, CH₂CH₂Ph, etc.; R¹ = Me, Et, CH₂CF₃, etc.] and R²OC(O)NHCHR³C(O)OMe [R² = Me, Et, CH₂CH=CH₂, CH₂CF₃, CH₂CH(CH₃)₂; R³ = Me, CH₂CO₂Me, Ph] synthesis via oxidative decarboxylation of oxamic acids under mild electrochem. conditions was reported. This simple phosgene-free route to urethanes involved an in situ generation of isocyanates by anodic oxidation of oxamic acids in an alc. medium. The reaction was applicable to a wide range of oxamic acids, including chiral ones, and alcs. furnishing the desired urethanes in a one-pot process without the use of a chem. oxidant. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Safety of 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Safety of 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Phytoene desaturase from Oryza sativa: oligomeric assembly, membrane association and preliminary 3D-analysis was written by Gemmecker, Sandra;Schaub, Patrick;Koschmieder, Julian;Brausemann, Anton;Drepper, Friedel;Rodriguez-Franco, Marta;Ghisla, Sandro;Warscheid, Bettina;Einsle, Oliver;Beyer, Peter. And the article was included in PLoS One in 2015.Related Products of 605-94-7 This article mentions the following:

Recombinant phytoene desaturase (PDS-His6) from rice was purified to near-homogeneity and shown to be enzymically active in a biphasic, liposome-based assay system. The protein contains FAD as the sole protein-bound redox-cofactor. Benzoquinones, not replaceable by mol. oxygen, serve as a final electron acceptor defining PDS as a 15-cis-phytoene (donor):plastoquinone oxidoreductase. The herbicidal PDS-inhibitor norflurazon is capable of arresting the reaction by stabilizing the intermediary FADred, while an excess of the quinone acceptor relieves this blockage, indicating competition. The enzyme requires its homo-oligomeric association for activity. The sum of data collected through gel permeation chromatog., non-denaturing polyacrylamide electrophoresis, chem. crosslinking, mass spectrometry and electronmicroscopy techniques indicate that the high-order oligomers formed in solution are the basis for an active preparation Of these, a tetramer consisting of dimers represents the active unit. This is corroborated by our preliminary x-ray structural anal. that also revealed similarities of the protein fold with the sequence-inhomologous bacterial phytoene desaturase CRTI and other oxidoreductases of the GR2-family of flavoproteins. This points to an evolutionary relatedness of CRTI and PDS yielding different carotene desaturation sequences based on homologous protein folds. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Related Products of 605-94-7).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Related Products of 605-94-7

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Functional Enzymes in Nonaqueous Environment: The Case of Photosynthetic Reaction Centers in Deep Eutectic Solvents was written by Milano, Francesco;Giotta, Livia;Guascito, Maria Rachele;Agostiano, Angela;Sblendorio, Stefania;Valli, Ludovico;Perna, Filippo M.;Cicco, Luciana;Trotta, Massimo;Capriati, Vito. And the article was included in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering in 2017.Product Details of 605-94-7 This article mentions the following:

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are emerging as a new class of green solvents with the potential to replace organic solvents in many applications both at industrial and academic level. In this work, the authors offer an unprecedented characterization of the behavior of the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center (RC) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides in a series of choline-based DESs. RC is a membrane-spanning three-subunit pigment-protein complex that, upon illumination, is capable to produce a stable charge-separated state. Thus, it represents the ideal model for carrying out basic studies of protein-solvent interactions. Herein, the authors first report that, in many DES mixtures investigated, RC (a) is stable, (b) is capable to generate the charge-separated state, and (c) even to perform its natural photocycle. It proved, indeed, to be effective in reducing quinone mols. to quinol by withdrawing electrons from cyto-chrome c. As an example of biotechnol. application, a photoelectrochem. cell based on DES-dissolved RC has also been designed and successfully employed to generate photocurrents arising from the reduction of the electron-donor ferrocenemethanol. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Product Details of 605-94-7).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Product Details of 605-94-7

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Highly Efficient Supramolecular Catalysts Assembled by Dawson-Type POMs and Metal-Organic Complexes for the Synergistic Catalytic Synthesis of p-Benzoquinones was written by Chang, Shenzhen;An, Haiyan;Chen, Yanhong;Zhu, Qingshan;Luo, Huiyun;Huang, Yaohui. And the article was included in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering in 2022.Application In Synthesis of 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione This article mentions the following:

Selective oxidation of alkyl-substituted phenols offers an ideal pathway to synthesize p-benzoquinones (p-BQs), but it is known to be inefficient because of the parallel competing reactions. Aiming at the design and synthesis of more powerful heterogeneous catalysts for highly efficient synthesizing functionalized p-BQs, herein, authors report two crystalline catalysts with supramol. networks based on Dawson-type polyoxometalates (POMs) and metal-organic subunits, H₄K(H₂O)₃[Cu₃(H₂O)₈(ptz)₄][Cu_1.5(H₂O)₃(ptz)₂(ina)][P₂W₁₈O₆₂]₂·ina·21H₂O (1) and [Cu_4.5(ptz)₄(OH)₃(H₂O)₄][P₂W₁₈O₆₂]·10H₂O (2), where ptz = 5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-tetrazole and ina = isonicotinic acid. Structural anal. shows that 1 is formed by the supramol. contact between one-dimensional POM inorganic chains and two kinds of trinuclear Cu-organic clusters, while 2 is formed by supramol. stacking of ladder-like one-dimensional chains that are composed of ribbonlike nonanuclear Cu-organic clusters and POM anions. Both supramol. catalysts exhibit high catalytic activity in H₂O₂-based oxidation of phenols/aromatics to p-BQs. Strikingly, in the synthesis of trimethyl-p-benzoquinone (TMBQ, an intermediate of vitamin E) by oxidizing 2,3,6-trimethylphenol, the conversion, selectivity, and oxidant efficiency can reach >99, 97.9, and 85.0% for 1, as well as 95.4, >99, and 79.8% for 2 within 5 min, resp. Also, the catalytic activities of 1 and 2 presented by the turnover frequency are 12 000 (the highest thus far) and 7632 h^-1, resp. Detailed structure-activity anal. revealed that the higher performance of 1 is attributed to the more active-site accessibility due to the supramol. interactions between POM and Cu organic units in the framework. Moreover, the observed yield of TMBQ has not decreased and the skeleton of catalysts has not changed in >10 cycles. The reaction mechanism was also systematically studied, and the parallel dual center, namely, Cu-site and POM, -driven reaction processes (radical and oxygen transfer) were illuminated. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Application In Synthesis of 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. The unique properties of ethers (i.e., that they are strongly polar, with nonbonding electron pairs but no hydroxyl group) enhance the formation and use of many reagents. For example, Grignard reagents cannot form unless an ether is present to share its lone pair of electrons with the magnesium atom. Complexation of the magnesium atom stabilizes the Grignard reagent and helps to keep it in solution.Application In Synthesis of 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Redox-Divergent Construction of (Dihydro)thiophenes with DMSO was written by Liu, Heng;He, Gu-Cheng;Zhao, Chao-Yang;Zhang, Xiang-Xin;Ji, Ding-Wei;Hu, Yan-Cheng;Chen, Qing-An. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2021.Formula: C14H21BO4 This article mentions the following:

Thiophene-based rings are one of the most widely used building blocks for the synthesis of sulfur-containing mols. Inspired by the redox diversity of these features in nature, herein a redox-divergent construction of dihydrothiophenes, thiophenes, and bromothiophenes from the resp. readily available allylic alcs., DMSO (DMSO), and HBr is reported. The redox-divergent selectivity could be manipulated mainly by controlling the dosage of DMSO and HBr. Mechanistic studies suggest that DMSO simultaneously acts as an oxidant and a sulfur donor. The synthetic potentials of the products as platform mols. were also demonstrated by various derivatizations, including the preparation of bioactive and functional mols. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 365564-07-4Formula: C14H21BO4).

2-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 365564-07-4) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Formula: C14H21BO4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Convenient and flexible syntheses of gem-dimethyl carboxylic triggers via mono-selective β-C(sp³)-H arylation of pivalic acid with ortho-substituted aryl iodides was written by Huang, Yongliang;Du, Yu;Su, Weiping. And the article was included in Organic Chemistry Frontiers in 2022.Safety of 4-Iodo-1-methoxy-2-methylbenzene This article mentions the following:

This work presents a palladium(II)-catalyzed mono-selective C(sp³)-H arylation of pivalic acid for rapid construction of an important library of 3-aryl-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acids, especially ortho-substituted-aryl compounds The strategy greatly streamlines access to a series of trimethyl-lock-type triggers – arylated gem-di-Me carboxylic acids bearing ortho-activatable substituents, which was used as a self-immolative spacer for selective chem. release initiated under specific conditions. Flexible transformation and derivatization of these activatable carboxylic triggers were also showcased. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Iodo-1-methoxy-2-methylbenzene (cas: 75581-11-2Safety of 4-Iodo-1-methoxy-2-methylbenzene).

4-Iodo-1-methoxy-2-methylbenzene (cas: 75581-11-2) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Safety of 4-Iodo-1-methoxy-2-methylbenzene

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Lithium-Metal Batteries Using Sustainable Electrolyte Media and Various Cathode Chemistries was written by Marangon, Vittorio;Minnetti, Luca;Adami, Matteo;Barlini, Alberto;Hassoun, Jusef. And the article was included in Energy & Fuels in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 112-49-2 This article mentions the following:

Lithium-metal batteries employing concentrated glyme-based electrolytes and two different cathode chemistries are herein evaluated in view of a safe use of the highly energetic alkali-metal anode. Indeed, diethylene-glycol dimethyl-ether (DEGDME) and triethylene-glycol dimethyl-ether (TREGDME) dissolving lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and lithium nitrate (LiNO₃) in concentration approaching the solvents saturation limit are used in lithium batteries employing either a conversion sulfur-tin composite (S:Sn 80:20 weight/weight) or a Li⁺ (de)insertion LiFePO₄ cathode. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochem. impedance spectroscopy (EIS) clearly show the suitability of the concentrated electrolytes in terms of process reversibility and low interphase resistance, particularly upon a favorable activation. Galvanostatic measurements performed on lithium-sulfur (Li/S) batteries reveal promising capacities at room temperature (25°C) and a value as high as 1300 mAh g_S^-1 for the cell exploiting the DEGDME-based electrolyte at 35°C. On the other hand, the lithium-LiFePO₄ (Li/LFP) cells exhibit satisfactory cycling behavior, in particular when employing an addnl. reduction step at low voltage cutoff (i.e., 1.2 V) during the first discharge to consolidate the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). This procedure allows a Coulombic efficiency near 100%, a capacity approaching 160 mAh g^-1, and relevant retention particularly for the cell using the TREGDME-based electrolyte. Therefore, this work suggests the use of concentrated glyme-based electrolytes, the fine-tuning of the operative conditions, and the careful selection of active materials chem. as significant steps to achieve practical and safe lithium-metal batteries. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2HPLC of Formula: 112-49-2).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).HPLC of Formula: 112-49-2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Nitro derivatives of N-alkylbenzoaza-15-crown-5: synthesis, structures, and complexation with metal and ammonium cations was written by Dmitrieva, S. N.;Churakova, M. V.;Kurchavov, N. A.;Vedernikov, A. I.;Kuz’mina, L. G.;Freidzon, A. Ya.;Bagatur’yants, A. A.;Strelenko, Yu. A.;Howard, J. A. K.;Gromov, S. P.. And the article was included in Russian Chemical Bulletin in 2010.Application In Synthesis of 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane This article mentions the following:

A number of N-alkylnitrobenzoaza-15-crown-5 with the macrocycle N atom conjugated with the benzene ring were obtained. The structural and complexing properties of these compounds were compared with those of model nitrobenzo- and N-(4-nitrophenyl)aza-15-crown-5 using X-ray diffraction, ¹H NMR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations The macrocyclic N atom of benzoazacrown ethers are characterized by a considerable contribution of the sp³-hybridized state and a pronounced pyramidal geometry; the crownlike conformation of the macrocycle is preorganized for cation binding, which facilitates complexation. The stability constants of the complexes of crown ethers with the NH₄⁺, EtNH₃⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Ba²⁺ ions were determined by ¹H NMR titration in MeCN-d₃. The most stable complexes were obtained with alk.-earth metal cations, which is due to the higher charge d. at these cations. The characteristics of the complexing ability of N-alkylnitrobenzoaza-15-crown-5 toward alk. earth metal cations are comparable with analogous characteristics of nitrobenzo-15-crown-5 and are much better than those of N-(4-nitrophenyl)aza-15-crown-5. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3Application In Synthesis of 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane).

1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Application In Synthesis of 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Investigation of the relationship between the inhibitory activity of glycolic acid oxidase (GAO) and its chemical structure: electron-topological approach was written by Guzel, Y.. And the article was included in Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM in 1996.Synthetic Route of C9H10O4 This article mentions the following:

Rules for the occurrence of the inhibitory activity of glycolic acid oxidase are formulated and discussed in terms of the so-called electron-topol. approach. It is shown that the mol. fragment responsible for this kind of activity possesses fixed electronic and geometrical characteristics caused by a definite spatial arrangement of an oxygen atom and a group of carbon atoms. A series of 85 compounds including 36 active and 49 inactive compounds was studied. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4Synthetic Route of C9H10O4).

2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Synthetic Route of C9H10O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem