Month: January 2023

Kinetic and mechanistic insights into hydrogenolysis of lignin to monomers in a continuous flow reactor was written by Li, Yanding;Demir, Benginur;Vazquez Ramos, Leida M.;Chen, Mingjie;Dumesic, James A.;Ralph, John. And the article was included in Green Chemistry in 2019.Safety of 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol This article mentions the following:

Industrial biorefineries remain limited due to inefficient valorization of their lignin streams. Rarely can a lignin depolymerization method be combined with a current polysaccharide-centric biorefinery process. Hydrogenolysis is among the more promising methods for depolymerizing lignin on an industrial scale. We performed reaction kinetics and mechanistic studies on lignin model compounds to understand lignin hydrogenolysis pathways, demonstrating that lignin end-units and internal units react significantly differently. Understanding the reaction mechanism and its sensitivity to variables helped us establish a continuous lignin upgrading process from various fractionated lignins. Near-theor. yields of lignin platform monomers with >80% overall product selectivity were obtained in a continuous hydrogenolysis process using a Pd/C catalyst. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3Safety of 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol).

3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. The unique properties of ethers (i.e., that they are strongly polar, with nonbonding electron pairs but no hydroxyl group) enhance the formation and use of many reagents. For example, Grignard reagents cannot form unless an ether is present to share its lone pair of electrons with the magnesium atom. Complexation of the magnesium atom stabilizes the Grignard reagent and helps to keep it in solution.Safety of 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Solvent-free synthesis of 2-amino-5-aryloxymenthyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles and their coumarin or benzofuran bis-heterocyclic derivatives was written by Li, Zheng;Yu, Jin-Lan;Yang, Jing-Ya;Zhu, Wei;Zhao, Yan-Long;Xing, Yu-Lin;Wang, Xi-Cun. And the article was included in Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements in 2006.Computed Properties of C9H10O4 This article mentions the following:

2-Amino-5-aryloxymethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles were synthesized rapidly by a microwave-accelerated solvent-free procedure in high yield via the condensation of thiosemicarbazide with aryloxyacetic acids using poly(ethyleneglycol)-supported dichlorophosphate as a dehydration reagent. The solvent-free N-acylation of 2-amino-5-aryloxymethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles with coumarin-3-carboxylic acid chloride or benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid chloride efficiently afforded corresponding bis-heterocyclic derivatives, 2-(coumarin-3-carboxamido)-5-aryloxymethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, and 2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-5-aryloxymethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles. The strategy has advantages of no organic solvent pollution, an elevated reaction rate, an improved yield, and a simple work-up procedure. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4Computed Properties of C9H10O4).

2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Computed Properties of C9H10O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Synthetic sweetening agents-a survey of the materials available, including cyclamates was written by Bottle, R. T.. And the article was included in Manufacturing Chemist (1930-1963) in 1964.Safety of 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole This article mentions the following:

Twenty-two substances with their resp. sweetness were listed as compared to sucrose. Especially strong were sweeteners such as stevioside, glycyrrhizin, and 3-(2-benzimidazolyl)propionic acid nicotinate. Saccharin and the cyclamates are the 2 most important synthetic sweeteners, since they are the only ones considered safe for use in foods. 30 references. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8Safety of 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole).

3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Safety of 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Photoinduced Deoxygenative Borylations of Aliphatic Alcohols was written by Wu, Jingjing;Baer, Robin M.;Guo, Lin;Noble, Adam;Aggarwal, Varinder K.. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2019.Quality Control of 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol This article mentions the following:

A photochem. method for converting aliphatic alcs. into boronic esters is described. Preactivation of the alc. as a 2-iodophenyl-thionocarbonate enables a novel Barton-McCombie-type radical deoxygenation that proceeds efficiently with visible light irradiation and without the requirement for a photocatalyst, a radical initiator, or Sn or Si hydrides. The resultant alkyl radical is intercepted by bis(catecholato)diboron, furnishing boronic esters from a diverse range of structurally complex alcs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3Quality Control of 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol).

3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Quality Control of 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Alkaline aerobic oxidation of native softwood lignin in the presence of Na⁺-cyclic polyether complexes was written by Hosoya, Takashi;Kawase, Kei;Hirano, Yuki;Ikeuchi, Mizuki;Miyafuji, Hisashi. And the article was included in Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology in 2022.Related Products of 112-49-2 This article mentions the following:

Alk. aerobic oxidation is a promising way to convert lignin to low mol. weight phenols, especially 4-hydroxybenzaldehydes. Our previous studies reported that oxidation of softwood lignin samples with a bulky cation, Bu4N⁺, facilitates selective production of vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde). This study presents vanillin production from native softwood lignin in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) in NaOH aqueous in the presence of cyclic polyethers, with our expectation that Na⁺-polyether complexes exhibit effects similar to those of Bu4N⁺. Oxidation of wood flour (10 mg) in 4.0 M NaOH aqueous (2.0 mL) at 120°C under air gave vanillin with 6.2 weight% lignin-based yield, which was raised to 15.2 weight% by the addition of 15-crown-5 (1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxacyclopentadecane). On the other hand, such effect was not observed with the addition of tetraethylene glycol di-Me ether, a non-cyclic analog of 15-crown-5. Mechanistic study with a lignin model compound revealed that stabilization of a vanillin precursor by the complex cation was a reason for the increased vanillin yield exhibited by the crown ether. This is similar to the influence of Bu4N⁺ reported previously, suggesting effective control of aerobic oxidation by large size cationic species. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Related Products of 112-49-2).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Related Products of 112-49-2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Redox-active glyme-Li tetrahalogenoferrate(III) solvate ionic liquids for semi-liquid lithium secondary batteries was written by Kemmizaki, Yuta;Katayama, Yu;Tsutsumi, Hiromori;Ueno, Kazuhide. And the article was included in RSC Advances in 2020.Computed Properties of C8H18O4 This article mentions the following:

Solvate ionic liquids (SILs), comprising long-lived, Li solvate cations and counter anions, serve as highly Li-ion-conductive and non-flammable electrolytes for use in lithium secondary batteries. In this work, we synthesized a series of novel redox-active glyme(oligoether)-Li salt-based SILs, consisting of a sym. ([Li(G3)]⁺) or asym. ([Li(G3Bu)]⁺) triglyme-Li salt complex and redox-active tetrahalogenoferrate ([FeX]^– (X = Br₄, Cl₃Br, Cl₄)), for use as the catholyte in semi-liquid lithium secondary batteries. The successful formation of stable molten complexes of [Li(G3/G3Bu)][FeX] was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. The m.p. (T_m) depended on both the mol. weights of the complex anions and the structures of the complex cations. [Li(G3)][FeCl₄] comprised complex cations with a sym. structure, and the smallest complex anions showed the lowest T_m of 28.2°C. The redox properties of the [FeX]^–/[FeX]^2- couple strongly suggested the suitability of [Li(G3/G3Bu)][FeX] as a catholyte. The discharge capacities of semi-liquid lithium secondary batteries utilizing the [Li(G3/G3Bu)][FeX] catholyte depended on the structure of the SILs, and the cell with [Li(G3)][FeCl₄] showed the highest capacity with relatively good capacity retention. This study confirmed the feasibility of the glyme-based redox-active SILs as catholytes for scalable redox-flow type batteries. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Computed Properties of C8H18O4).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Computed Properties of C8H18O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

A free radical alkylation of quinones with olefins was written by Liu, Shuai;Shen, Tong;Luo, Zaigang;Liu, Zhong-Quan. And the article was included in Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) in 2019.Electric Literature of C9H10O4 This article mentions the following:

We demonstrated herein an Fe(III)-mediated radical alkylation of quinones. A wide range of bioactive mols. with quinone motifs could be rapidly synthesized by using readily available and inexpensive NaBH₄/NaBD₄ with alkenes at room temperature under open flask conditions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Electric Literature of C9H10O4).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Electric Literature of C9H10O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Copper-Catalyzed Direct C-H Trifluoromethylation of Quinones was written by Wang, Xi;Ye, Yuxuan;Ji, Guojing;Xu, Yan;Zhang, Songnan;Feng, Jiajie;Zhang, Yan;Wang, Jianbo. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2013.Formula: C9H10O4 This article mentions the following:

An efficient and practical methodol. has been developed to introduce the CF₃ group onto quinones through Cu(I)-catalyzed direct C-H trifluoromethylation of quinones. E.g., in presence of CuI in t-BuOH/DCM, direct C-H trifluoromethylation of quinone derivative (I, R = H) by electrophilic trifluoromethylation reagent (II) gave 77% trifluoromethylated product (I, R = CF₃). In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Formula: C9H10O4).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Formula: C9H10O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Palladium-catalyzed aryl amination- heck cyclization cascade: a one-flask approach to 3-substituted indoles was written by Jensen, Thomas;Pedersen, Henrik;Bang-Andersen, Benny;Madsen, Robert;Joergensen, Morten. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2008.HPLC of Formula: 56619-93-3 This article mentions the following:

A Pd/dppf-based catalyst provides access to the title compounds from 1,2-dihalogenated aromatic compounds and allylic amines in a single reaction flask. The initial aryl amination step occurs with excellent selectivity for the aryl iodide to ensure the formation of a single indole regioisomer, which can be functionalized in situ by N-arylation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide (cas: 56619-93-3HPLC of Formula: 56619-93-3).

N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide (cas: 56619-93-3) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.HPLC of Formula: 56619-93-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

An O-Benzyl Phosphonamidate Prodrug of Tenofovir for the Treatment of Hepatitis B Virus Infection was written by Zhang, Qianqian;Peng, Youmei;Hou, Jiao;Chen, Yanhong;Liu, Bingjie;Zhang, Pinghu;Yu, Wenquan;Chang, Junbiao. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2022.Quality Control of (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol This article mentions the following:

A series of new O-(substituted benzyl) phosphoramidate prodrugs of tenofovir for the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections have been designed and synthesized. An investigation of structure-activity relationships revealed that the compound bearing an o-methylbenzyl group (1a) has the most potent in vitro anti-HBV activity. This prodrug (1a) was well-tolerated in KM mice via intragastric administration at a dosage of up to 1.5 g/kg. In DHBV-infected ducks, prodrug 1a displayed a good inhibitory effect on the viral DNA replication in both the serum and the liver in a time- and dose-dependent manner and did not cause any necrosis, hemorrhage, or inflammatory response in the animal livers. Further investigation demonstrated that prodrug 1a achieved a higher exposure of the bioactive metabolite (tenofovir diphosphate, TFV-DP) in the liver, the target organ for the treatment of HBV infection, than tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) did at an equimolar dose. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5Quality Control of (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol).

(4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Quality Control of (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem