Month: January 2023

Ionic liquid plasticizers comprising solvating cations for lithium metal polymer batteries was written by Atik, Jaschar;Thienenkamp, Johannes Helmut;Brunklaus, Gunther;Winter, Martin;Paillard, Elie. And the article was included in Electrochimica Acta in 2021.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

Ternary solid polymer electrolytes (TSPEs) with ionic liquids (ILs) including alkyl-based ammonium cations and low coordinating anions suffer from the lack of Li+ ion coordination by the ILs compared to the immobile polymer backbone, in terms of Li⁺ ion transport. Thus, solvating ionic liquids (SILs) with an oligo(ethylene oxide) side chain attached onto the cation were prepared to improve the interaction between Li+ and the IL and accelerate Li+ transport in TSPEs. A variety of methods, such as pulsed field gradient NMR spectroscopy, Li metal plating/stripping and measurements of Sand’s times were used to show that Li⁺ ion transference numbers increase with the oligo(ethylene oxide) side chain length in SIL-based TSPEs, which results in faster Li⁺ ion transport and translates into much slower lithium depletion at a given current, thereby delaying the onset of fast dendrite growth of lithium metal. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Category: ethers-buliding-blocks).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Category: ethers-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Side Chain Redistribution as a Strategy to Boost Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance and Stability was written by Moser, Maximilian;Hidalgo, Tania Cecilia;Surgailis, Jokubas;Gladisch, Johannes;Ghosh, Sarbani;Sheelamanthula, Rajendar;Thiburce, Quentin;Giovannitti, Alexander;Salleo, Alberto;Gasparini, Nicola;Wadsworth, Andrew;Zozoulenko, Igor;Berggren, Magnus;Stavrinidou, Eleni;Inal, Sahika;McCulloch, Iain. And the article was included in Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) in 2020.Synthetic Route of C5H12O3 This article mentions the following:

A series of glycolated polythiophenes for use in organic electrochem. transistors (OECTs) is designed and synthesized, differing in the distribution of their ethylene glycol chains that are tethered to the conjugated backbone. While side chain redistribution does not have a significant impact on the optoelectronic properties of the polymers, this mol. engineering strategy strongly impacts the water uptake achieved in the polymers. By careful optimization of the water uptake in the polymer films, OECTs with unprecedented steady-state performances in terms of [μC^*] and current retentions up to 98% over 700 electrochem. switching cycles are developed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Synthetic Route of C5H12O3).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Synthetic Route of C5H12O3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

ρ-ρ Relation and the reaction of trans-cinnamic acids with diphenyldiazomethane. Basis of the Hammett equation was written by Ritter, Janet D. Sharp;Miller, Sidney I.. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 1964.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

Rate data for the reactions of 15 trans-cinnamic acids [2m-AcO, mCl, p-Cl, H, m-F, p-F, p-OH, p-iso-Pr, m-MeO, p-MeO, p-Me, m-NO₂, p-NO₂, p-Me₂N, and 2,4-(MeO)₂] with diphenyldiazomethane (DDM) in EtOH have been obtained. The entropies of activation (-ΔS* = 8-21 e.u.) are proportional to the activation energies (E_act = 12-17 kcal. mole^-1) in this series with a slope of ∼298°. Satisfactory Hammett lines for 12 substituents have been obtained: at 25° with k in 1. mole^-1 min.^-1, log k = 0.41 σ – 0.1705; at 35°, log k = 0.43 σ + 0.1757. The ρ-value for the cinnamic acids follows the relation, ρ_RGCO2H÷ρ_RGCOS = constant, suggesting that the factors affecting the transmission of electronic effects in acid dissociation parallel those in the reactions of the acids with DDM. For systems of the type RGCO₂H, the link between ρ and the distance across G, the polarizability of G, or σ-values involving G are discussed. In some cases, field and mesomeric-inductive effects as embodied in the Kirkwood-Westheimer and Dewar-Grisdale theories can generate observed rate or equilibrium properties. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid (cas: 6972-61-8Category: ethers-buliding-blocks).

3-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid (cas: 6972-61-8) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Formation of Temporary Negative Ions and Their Subsequent Fragmentation upon Electron Attachment to CoQ₀ and CoQ₀H₂ was written by Ameixa, Joao;Arthur-Baidoo, Eugene;Pereira-da-Silva, Joao;Ruivo, Julio C.;Varella, Marcio T. do N.;Beyer, Martin K.;Oncak, Milan;Ferreira da Silva, Filipe;Denifl, Stephan. And the article was included in ChemPhysChem in 2022.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

Ubiquinone mols. have a high biol. relevance due to their action as electron carriers in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Here, we studied the dissociative interaction of free electrons with CoQ₀, the smallest ubiquinone derivative with no isoprenyl units, and its fully reduced form, 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylhydroquinone (CoQ₀H₂), an ubiquinol derivative The anionic products produced upon dissociative electron attachment (DEA) were detected by quadrupole mass spectrometry and studied theor. through quantum chem. and electron scattering calculations Despite the structural similarity of the two studied mols., remarkably only a few DEA reactions are present for both compounds, such as abstraction of a neutral hydrogen atom or the release of a neg. charged Me group. While the loss of a neutral Me group represents the most abundant reaction observed in DEA to CoQ₀, this pathway is not observed for CoQ₀H₂. Instead, the loss of a neutral OH radical from the CoQ₀H₂ temporary neg. ion is observed as the most abundant reaction channel. Overall, this study gives insights into electron attachment properties of simple derivatives of more complex mols. found in biochem. pathways. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Category: ethers-buliding-blocks).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Electrooxidative Rhodium-Catalyzed [5+2] Annulations via C-H/O-H Activations was written by Wang, Yulei;Oliveira, Joao C. A.;Lin, Zhipeng;Ackermann, Lutz. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2021.Product Details of 16356-02-8 This article mentions the following:

Electrooxidative cyclizations involving mild transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation have emerged as a transformative strategy for the rapid construction of five- and six-membered heterocycles. In contrast, we herein describe the first electrochem. metal-catalyzed [5+2] cycloadditions to assemble valuable seven-membered benzoxepine skeletons by C-H/O-H activation. The efficient alkyne cyclization featured ample substrate scope, using electricity as the only oxidant. Mechanistic studies provided strong support for a rhodium(III/I) regime, involving a benzoxepine-coordinated rhodium(I) sandwich complex as the catalyst resting state, which was re-oxidized to rhodium(III) by anodic oxidation In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8Product Details of 16356-02-8).

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Product Details of 16356-02-8

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Juvenile hormone like substances. Part XIV. Synthesis and biological activities of some juvenile hormone analogues containing peptidic feature was written by Mahajan, R. K.;Sharma, G. C.. And the article was included in Journal of Indian Council of Chemists in 1998.Application In Synthesis of 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid This article mentions the following:

Juvenile hormone analogs which contain glycinate moiety, i.e. 4-RC₆H₄OCH₂CON(R¹)CH₂CO₂R³ (R = H, Cl, Me, OMe, NO₂, R¹ = H, R³ = CHMe₂; R = H, Cl, Me, OMe, R¹ = H, R³ = CH₂Me; R = H, Cl, Me, OMe, R¹ = H, R³ = CH₂CHMe₂;R = H, Cl, R¹ = Me, R³ = CH₂Me), were synthesized. Preliminary biol. screening of PhOCH₂CONHCH₂CO₂CHMe₂ showed a pos. juvenile hormonal activity against potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4Application In Synthesis of 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid).

2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Application In Synthesis of 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Controlling n-Type Molecular Doping via Regiochemistry and Polarity of Pendant Groups on Low Band Gap Donor-Acceptor Copolymers was written by Ye, Gang;Liu, Jian;Qiu, Xinkai;Stater, Sebastian;Qiu, Li;Liu, Yuru;Yang, Xuwen;Hildner, Richard;Koster, L. Jan Anton;Chiechi, Ryan C.. And the article was included in Macromolecules (Washington, DC, United States) in 2021.Product Details of 111-77-3 This article mentions the following:

We demonstrate the impact of the type and position of pendant groups on the n-doping of low-band gap donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers. Polar glycol ether groups simultaneously increase the electron affinities of D-A copolymers and improve the host/dopant miscibility compared to nonpolar alkyl groups, improving the doping efficiency by a factor of over 40. The bulk mobility of the doped films increases with the fraction of polar groups, leading to a best conductivity of 0.08 S cm^-1 and power factor (PF) of 0.24μW m^-1 K^-2 in the doped copolymer with the polar pendant groups on both the D and A moieties. We used spatially resolved absorption spectroscopy to relate commensurate morphol. changes to the dispersion of dopants and to the relative local doping efficiency, demonstrating a direct relationship between the morphol. of the polymer phase, the solvation of the mol. dopant, and the elec. properties of doped films. Our work offers fundamental new insights into the influence of the phys. properties of pendant chains on the mol. doping process, which should be generalizable to any molecularly doped polymer films. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Product Details of 111-77-3).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Product Details of 111-77-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Ultrafast dynamics of formation and autodetachment of a dipole-bound state in an open-shell π-stacked dimer anion was written by Bull, James N.;West, Christopher W.;Verlet, Jan R. R.. And the article was included in Chemical Science in 2016.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

Isolated π-stacked dimer radical anions present the simplest model of an excess electron in a π-stacked environment. Here, frequency-, angle-, and time-resolved photoelectron imaging together with electronic structure calculations have been used to characterize the π-stacked coenzyme Q₀ dimer radical anion and its exited state dynamics. In the ground electronic state, the excess electron is localised on one monomer with a planar para-quinone ring, which is solvated by the second monomer in which carbonyl groups are bent out of the para-quinone ring plane. Through the π-stacking interaction, the dimer anion exhibits a number of charge-transfer (intermol.) valence-localised resonances situated in the detachment continuum that undergo efficient internal conversion to a cluster dipole-bound state (DBS) on a ∼60 fs timescale. In turn, the DBS undergoes vibration-mediated autodetachment on a 2.0 ± 0.2 ps timescale. Exptl. vibrational structure and supporting calculations assign the intermol. dynamics to be facilitated by vibrational wagging modes of the carbonyl groups on the non-planar monomer. At photon energies ∼0.6-1.0 eV above the detachment threshold, a competition between photoexcitation of an intermol. resonance leading to the DBS, and photoexcitation of an intramol. resonance leading to monomer-like dynamics further illustrates the π-stacking specific dynamics. Overall, this study provides the first direct observation of both internal conversion of resonances into a DBS, and characterization of a vibration-mediated autodetachment in real-time. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Category: ethers-buliding-blocks).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Oligoethylene Glycol Side Chains Increase Charge Generation in Organic Semiconductor Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution was written by Kosco, Jan;Gonzalez-Carrero, Soranyel;Howells, Calvyn T.;Zhang, Weimin;Moser, Maximilian;Sheelamanthula, Rajendar;Zhao, Lingyun;Willner, Benjamin;Hidalgo, Tania C.;Faber, Hendrik;Purushothaman, Balaji;Sachs, Michael;Cha, Hyojung;Sougrat, Rachid;Anthopoulos, Thomas D.;Inal, Sahika;Durrant, James R.;McCulloch, Iain. And the article was included in Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) in 2022.Formula: C5H12O3 This article mentions the following:

Organic semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) composed of an electron donor/acceptor (D/A) semiconductor blend have recently emerged as an efficient class of hydrogen-evolution photocatalysts. It is demonstrated that using conjugated polymers functionalized with (oligo)ethylene glycol side chains in NP photocatalysts can greatly enhance their H₂-evolution efficiency compared to their nonglycolated analogs. The strategy is broadly applicable to a range of structurally diverse conjugated polymers. Transient spectroscopic studies show that glycolation facilitates charge generation even in the absence of a D/A heterojunction, and further suppresses both geminate and nongeminate charge recombination in D/A NPs. This results in a high yield of photogenerated charges with lifetimes long enough to efficiently drive ascorbic acid oxidation, which is correlated with greatly enhanced H₂-evolution rates in the glycolated NPs. Glycolation increases the relative permittivity of the semiconductors and facilitates water uptake. Together, these effects may increase the high-frequency relative permittivity inside the NPs sufficiently, to cause the observed suppression of exciton and charge recombination responsible for the high photocatalytic activities of the glycolated NPs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Formula: C5H12O3).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Formula: C5H12O3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Some new aryloxyacetic acid was written by Shah, V. H.;Purohit, D. M.;Mehta, T. S.;Ravat, N. R.;Doshi, N. G.. And the article was included in Journal of the Institution of Chemists (India) in 2003.Application In Synthesis of 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid This article mentions the following:

A number of aryloxyacetic acids were prepared The constitution of the products was supported by elemental analyses, IR and PMR spectral data. The products were screened for antimicrobial activity. All the compounds showed moderate activity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4Application In Synthesis of 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid).

2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Application In Synthesis of 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem