Month: February 2023

A scale-up procedure to dialkyl carbonates; evaluation of their properties, biodegradability, and toxicity was written by Trapasso, Giacomo;Salaris, Claudio;Reich, Marco;Logunova, Evgenia;Salata, Cristiano;Kummerer, Klaus;Figoli, Alberto;Arico, Fabio. And the article was included in Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy in 2022.Quality Control of 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol This article mentions the following:

In this work, a scale-up procedure to non-com. available or expensive dialkyl carbonates via transcarbonylation reaction of an alc. with di-Me carbonate promoted by 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) was explored. DACs selected for this study include sym. and unsym. compounds incorporating alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, and thioalkyl moieties. Compared to previously published works, the proposed procedure was customized for large-scale production of DACs (up to 100 mL); purification of the products was achieved by distillation, and recycling of the exceeding reagents was addressed. Furthermore, the role of the catalyst was investigated, and a possible reaction mechanism proposed. The chem.-phys. properties of the new DACs were evaluated employing softwares and models based on quant. structure-activity relationships (QSAR). Biodegradability and toxicity tests was also carried out both exptl. and by computational studies so to investigate the effect of the sulfur, nitrogen, or oxygen-containing moieties on the greenness of these – in some cases new -solvents and reagents. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Quality Control of 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Quality Control of 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Study on synthesis of yellowing resistant and durable antistatic polyurethane composites was written by Hu, Zhandong;Zhang, Shuohao;Kang, Yiyang;Bao, Lixia;Wang, Jiliang. And the article was included in Shandong Huagong in 2021.Formula: C5H12O3 This article mentions the following:

In this paper, the intermediate product 1-(methyl-di(oxyethylene))-3-ethylimidazolium bromide was prepared by N-alkylation using diethylene glycol Me ether, sodium bromide, imidazole and bromoethane as raw materials. ([DMEEIM][Br]) ionic liquid The hydrophilic ionic liquid 1-(methyl-di(oxyethylene))-3-ethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([DMEEIM][BF₄]) was obtained by ion exchange. The target product after separation and purification was characterized by FT-IR and 1H-NMR, and its elec. conductivity was measured. The results showed that its elec. conductivity could reach 367 μS/cm. Using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), polytetrahydrofuran ether glycol 2000 (PTMEG2000) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as raw materials, a solution polymerization method was used to obtain a yellowing-resistant polyurethane. The prepared ionic liquid was blended with polyurethane to obtain a permanent antistatic polyurethane composite material with yellowing resistance. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric anal. (TGA) were used to characterize the samples, and their tensile strength, elongation at break and surface resistivity were measured. The results showed that the obtained polyurethane film had excellent resistance to yellowing and permanent static resistance, and its surface resistivity reached 10⁷ Ohm·sq^-1. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Formula: C5H12O3).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Formula: C5H12O3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Organometallic Elaboration as a Strategy for Tuning the Supramolecular Characteristics of Aza-Crown Ethers was written by Smith, Jacob B.;Camp, Andrew M.;Farquhar, Alexandra H.;Kerr, Stewart H.;Chen, Chun-Hsing;Miller, Alexander J. M.. And the article was included in Organometallics in 2019.COA of Formula: C10H21NO4 This article mentions the following:

Cyclometalated square-planar and octahedral transition metal complexes I (L¹-L³ void, Cl, H, CO) with pincer NCP-ligands functionalized by azacrown ether moiety were prepared and examined for binding affinity towards alkali metal ions. Outfitting an aza-crown ether with an organotransition metal pendant provides a mechanism for tuning its supramol. properties. The binding affinity can be tuned by more than 2 orders of magnitude by changing the identity of the transition metal center, altering the overall charge of the complex, or engaging in organometallic ligand substitution reactions. High Li⁺ selectivity (up to 29-fold higher affinity than Na⁺), proton-responsive behavior, and ion pair (ditopic) binding capabilities are observed in the metalla-crown ethers. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3COA of Formula: C10H21NO4).

1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.COA of Formula: C10H21NO4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Antipyretic activity of cinnamyl derivatives and related compounds in influenza virus-infected mice was written by Kurokawa, Masahiko;Kumeda, Cristina A.;Yamamura, Jun-ichi;Kamiyama, Tomoko;Shiraki, Kimiyasu. And the article was included in European Journal of Pharmacology in 1998.COA of Formula: C11H12O4 This article mentions the following:

Kakkon-to is composed of seven medicinal herbs and exhibited novel antipyretic activity by suppressing interleukin-1α production responsive to interferon in a murine intranasal influenza virus infection model. Using this model, antipyretic compounds with such novel biol. activities were characterized from the herbs. The organic solvent-extractable fractions of Cinnamomum cassia among the herbs showed antipyretic activity. The authors selected six antipyretic compounds from 48 cinnamyl derivatives and related compounds that may be mainly involved in the fractions. Their antipyretic activity was significantly correlated with interleukin-1α regulatory activity. Four of them suppressed interleukin-1α production to a basal level and showed different mode of antipyretic action from that of aspirin in interleukin-1α-injected mice. Structure-bioactivity relation of the four suggested that an ester bond played an important role for both antipyretic and interleukin-1α regulatory activities. These compounds may be useful in analyzing interleukin-1α-producing cells in fever production and the mechanism of defervescence by suppressing interferon-induced interleukin-1α production In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid (cas: 6972-61-8COA of Formula: C11H12O4).

3-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid (cas: 6972-61-8) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.COA of Formula: C11H12O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for 4-nitrophenol and substituted 4-nitrophenols was written by Li, Qing Xiao;Zhao, Meng Shu;Gee, Shirley J.;Kurth, Mark J.;Seiber, James N.;Hammock, Bruce D.. And the article was included in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry in 1991.Safety of 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole This article mentions the following:

An ELISA was developed for the determination of 4-nitrophenol and monosubstituted 4-nitrophenols such as 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol. An antiserum (Ab1812) was selected among eight antisera against three different corresponding immunogens. 4-(Nitrophenyl)acetyl OVA conjugate (C-OVA) as a coating antigen was selected among eight hapten-protein conjugates. Using an Ab1812 dilution of 1/1000, I₅₀ values for 4-nitrophenol, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol, and 2-amino-4-nitrophenol were 59, 64, 31, and 57 nM, resp. There were no cross-reactivities with other substituted phenols/nitrobenzenes and 2- or 3-nitrophenol. The detection limit of this ELISA was 1000 times lower than that of a standard colorimetric method for the anal. of 4-nitrophenol. Under the optimized condition, this procedure can be used to determine the concentration of 4-nitrophenol and(or) monosubstituted 4-nitrophenols at levels as low as 0.2 ppb in different water samples without extraction and cleanup. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8Safety of 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole).

3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Safety of 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Customizing the Electrochemical Properties of Carbon Nanodots by Using Quinones in Bottom-Up Synthesis was written by Rigodanza, Francesco;Dordevic, Luka;Arcudi, Francesca;Prato, Maurizio. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2018.Electric Literature of C9H10O4 This article mentions the following:

We show how the redox potentials of carbon nanodots (CNDs) can be modulated by employing quinones as electroactive precursors during a microwave-assisted synthesis. We prepared and characterized a redox library of CNDs, demonstrating that this approach can promote the use of carbon nanodots for ad hoc applications, including photocatalysis. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Electric Literature of C9H10O4).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Electric Literature of C9H10O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Nanoscale Assembly of CdS/BiVO₄ Hybrids for Coupling Selective Fine Chemical Synthesis and Hydrogen Production under Visible Light was written by Shang, Feng-Kang;Qi, Ming-Yu;Tan, Chang-Long;Tang, Zi-Rong;Xu, Yi-Jun. And the article was included in ACS Physical Chemistry Au in 2022.Formula: C8H10O2 This article mentions the following:

Simultaneously utilizing photogenerated electrons and holes in one photocatalytic system to synthesize value-added chems. and clean hydrogen (H₂) energy meets the development requirements of green chem. Herein, we report a binary material of CdS/BiVO₄ combining one-dimensional (1D) CdS nanorods (NRs) with two-dimensional (2D) BiVO₄ nanosheets (NSs) constructed through a facile electrostatic self-assembly procedure for the selectively photocatalytic oxidation of aromatic alcs. integrated with H₂ production, which exhibits significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance. Within 2 h, the conversion of aromatic alcs. over CdS/BiVO₄-25 was approx. 9-fold and 40-fold higher than that over pure CdS and BiVO₄, resp. The remarkably improved photoactivity of CdS/BiVO₄ hybrids is mainly ascribed to the Z-scheme charge separation mechanism in the 1D/2D heterostructure derived from the interface contact between CdS and BiVO₄, which not only facilitates the separation and transfer of charge carriers, but also maintains the strong reducibility of photogenerated electrons and strong oxidizability of photogenerated holes. It is anticipated that this work will further stimulate interest in the rational design of 1D/2D Z-scheme heterostructure photocatalysts for the selective fine chem. synthesis integrated with H₂ evolution. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5Formula: C8H10O2).

(4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Formula: C8H10O2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Mechanism of the Aryl-F Bond-Forming Step from Bi(V) Fluorides was written by Planas, Oriol;Peciukenas, Vytautas;Leutzsch, Markus;Noethling, Nils;Pantazis, Dimitrios A.;Cornella, Josep. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2022.Application of 365564-07-4 This article mentions the following:

The authors describe a combined exptl. and theor. mechanistic study of the C(sp²)-F bond formation from neutral and cationic high-valent organobismuth(V) fluorides, featuring a dianionic bis-aryl sulfoximine ligand. An exhaustive assessment of the substitution pattern in the ligand, the sulfoximine, and the reactive aryl on neutral triarylbismuth(V) difluorides revealed that formation of dimeric structures in solution promotes facile Ar-F bond formation. Noteworthy, theor. modeling of reductive elimination from neutral Bi(V) difluorides agrees with the exptl. determined kinetic and thermodn. parameters. Also, the addition of external fluoride sources leads to inactive octahedral anionic Bi(V) trifluoride salts, which decelerate reductive elimination. However, a parallel anal. for cationic bismuthonium fluorides revealed the crucial role of tetrafluoroborate anion as fluoride source. Both exptl. and theor. analyses conclude that C-F bond formation occurs through a low-energy five-membered transition-state pathway, where the F anion is delivered to a C(sp²) center, from a BF₄ anion, reminiscent of the Balz-Schiemann reaction. The knowledge gathered throughout the study permitted a rational assessment of the key parameters of several ligands, identifying the simple sulfone-based ligand family as an improved system for the stoichiometric and catalytic fluorination of arylboronic acid derivatives In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 365564-07-4Application of 365564-07-4).

2-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 365564-07-4) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Application of 365564-07-4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Room Temperature C-H Activation and Cross-Coupling of Aryl Ureas in Water was written by Nishikata, Takashi;Abela, Alexander R.;Lipshutz, Bruce H.. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2010.Safety of N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide This article mentions the following:

The first room temperature mono-C-H activation of urea derivatives and their cross-coupling with aryl iodides in water is described. This methodol. provides a convenient route to various aniline derivatives by means of C-H activation under mild conditions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide (cas: 56619-93-3Safety of N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide).

N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide (cas: 56619-93-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Safety of N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Kinetic trapping of 3D-printable cyclodextrin-based poly(pseudo)rotaxane networks was written by Lin, Qianming;Li, Longyu;Tang, Miao;Uenuma, Shuntaro;Samanta, Jayanta;Li, Shangda;Jiang, Xuanfeng;Zou, Lingyi;Ito, Kohzo;Ke, Chenfeng. And the article was included in Chem in 2021.Formula: C5H12O3 This article mentions the following:

Synthetically trapping kinetically varied (super)structures of mol. assemblies and amplifying them to the macroscale is a promising, yet challenging, approach for the advancement of meta-stable materials. Here, we demonstrated a concerted kinetic trapping design to timely resolve a set of transient polypseudorotaxanes in solution and harness a crop of them via micro-crystallization By installing stopper or speed bump moieties on the polymer axles, meta-stable polypseudorotaxanes with segmented cyclodextrin blocks were hierarchically amplified into crystalline networks of different crosslinking densities at mesoscale and viscoelastic hydrogels with 3D-printability in bulk. We demonstrated simultaneous 3D-printing of two polypseudorotaxane networks from one reactive ensemble and their conversion to heterogeneous polyrotaxane monoliths. Spatially programming the macroscale shapes of these heterogeneous polyrotaxanes enabled the construction of moisture-responsive actuators, in which the shape morphing originated from the different numbers of cyclodextrins interlocked in these polyrotaxane networks. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Formula: C5H12O3).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. The unique properties of ethers (i.e., that they are strongly polar, with nonbonding electron pairs but no hydroxyl group) enhance the formation and use of many reagents. For example, Grignard reagents cannot form unless an ether is present to share its lone pair of electrons with the magnesium atom. Complexation of the magnesium atom stabilizes the Grignard reagent and helps to keep it in solution.Formula: C5H12O3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem