Category: ethers-buliding-blocks

SnOct₂-catalyzed and alcohol-initiated ROPs of L-lactide – About the influence of initiators on chemical reactions in the melt and the solid state was written by Weidner, Steffen M.;Meyer, Andreas;Falkenhagen, Jana;Kricheldorf, Hans R.. And the article was included in European Polymer Journal in 2021.Reference of 111-77-3 This article mentions the following:

SnOct₂ (Sn(II) 2-ethylhexanoate) catalyzed ROPs of L-lactide were performed in bulk with eight different alcs. as initiators. The time was varied between 1 h and 24 h for all initiators. For two initiators the temperature was also lowered to 115°C. Even-numbered chains were predominantly formed in all polymerizations at short times, but the rate of transesterification (e.g. even/odd equilibration) and the mol. weight distribution were found to depend significantly on the nature of the initiator. Observed transesterification reactions also continued in solid poly(L-lactide), and with the most active initiator, almost total equilibration was achieved even at 130°C. This means that all chains including those of the crystallites were involved in transesterification reactions proceeding across the flat surfaces of the crystallites. The more or less equilibrated crystalline polylactides were characterized by DSC and SAXS measurements with regard to their melting temperature (T_m), crystallinity and crystal thickness. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Reference of 111-77-3).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Reference of 111-77-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Divergent Regioselective Csp²-H Difluoromethylation of Aromatic Amines Enabled by Nickel Catalysis was written by Gou, Quan;Chen, Qianqiong;Tan, Qiujian;Zhu, Minghong;Huang, Huisheng;Deng, Mengjiao;Yi, Wei;He, Shuhua. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2022.Safety of N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide This article mentions the following:

Herein, the first catalytic protocol for nickel-catalyzed ortho or para position difluoromethylation of various aromatic amines was developed with the assistance of a bidentate phosphine ligand, offering an invaluable synthesis means to construct extensive p-difluoromethylated products and difluorooxindole derivatives with significant functional fragments. Furthermore, the gram-scale reaction, broad substrate scope, excellent functional-group compatibility, late-stage difluoromethylation of pesticides, and even formal synthesis of HDAC6 inhibitors further demonstrate the usefulness of this method. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide (cas: 56619-93-3Safety of N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide).

N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide (cas: 56619-93-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Safety of N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

3-Phenylpropanoic Acid-Based Phosphotyrosine (pTyr) Mimetics: Hit Evolution to a Novel Orally Active Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) Inhibitor was written by Tang, Yan-Bo;Liu, Jun-Zheng;Zhang, Shu-En;Du, Xin;Nie, Feilin;Tian, Jin-Ying;Ye, Fei;Huang, Kai;Hu, Jin-Ping;Li, Yan;Xiao, Zhiyan. And the article was included in ChemMedChem in 2014.Application of 54916-28-8 This article mentions the following:

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a promising therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. Herein, we report the evolution of a previously identified 3-phenylpropanoic acid-based PTP1B inhibitor to an orally active lead compound A series of 3-phenylpropanoic acid-based PTP1B inhibitors were synthesized, and three of them, 3-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-5-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-oxopentanoic acid (9), 3-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-5-(4′-bromo-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-5-oxopentanoic acid (10) and 3-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-cyclohexylphenyl)-5-oxopentanoic acid (16), showed IC₅₀ values at sub-micromolar level. Further in vivo evaluation indicated the sodium salt of 9 not only exhibited significant insulin-sensitizing and hypoglycemia effects, but also decreased the serum levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol in high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance model mice. Preliminary in vivo pharmacokinetic studies on the sodium salt of 9 revealed its pharmacokinetic profile after oral administration in rats. These results provide proof-of-concept for the dual effects of PTP1B inhibitors on both glucose and lipid metabolisms In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(4-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)ethanone (cas: 54916-28-8Application of 54916-28-8).

1-(4-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)ethanone (cas: 54916-28-8) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Application of 54916-28-8

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Diazocine-functionalized TATA platforms was written by Loew, Roland;Rusch, Talina;Roehricht, Fynn;Magnussen, Olaf;Herges, Rainer. And the article was included in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2019.Electric Literature of C8H9NO3 This article mentions the following:

Recently, it has been shown that the thermochem. cis→trans isomerization of azobenzenes is accelerated by a factor of more than 1000 by electronic coupling to a gold surface via a conjugated system with 11 bonds and a distance of 14 Å. The corresponding mol. architecture consists of a platform (triazatriangulenium (TATA)) which adsorbs on the gold surface, with an acetylene spacer standing upright, like a post in the middle of the platform and the azobenzene unit mounted on top. The rate acceleration is due to a very peculiar thermal singlet-triplet-singlet mechanism mediated by bulk gold. To investigate this mechanism further and to examine scope and limitation of the “spin-switch catalysis” we now prepared analogous diazocine systems. Diazocines, in contrast to azobenzenes, are stable in the cis-configuration. Upon irradiation with light of 405 nm the cis-configuration isomerizes to the trans-form, which slowly returns back to the stable cis-isomer. To investigate the thermal trans→cis isomerization as a function of the conjugation to the metal surface, we connected the acetylene spacer in meta (weak conjugation) and in para (strong conjugation) position. Both isomers form ordered monolayers on Au(111) surfaces. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8Electric Literature of C8H9NO3).

3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Electric Literature of C8H9NO3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Integrating photogenerated charge carriers for hydrogen production on noble-metal free dual-photocatalyst under visible light was written by Wang, Yang;Yang, Jiawen;Qin, Xiru;Zhuang, Jiayi;Yin, Wujie;Chen, Tingting;Yao, Yong. And the article was included in Composites, Part B: Engineering in 2022.Name: (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol This article mentions the following:

Simultaneous using photogenerated electrons and holes in one reaction to produce H₂ and value-added organic intermediates hold great promise for the green synthesis of chems. and clean energy. Herein, we designed an efficient, noble-metal free and dual-photocatalyst Ni/Zn₃In₂S₆ for simultaneous aldehydes synthesis and H₂ production under visible light irradiation Due to the reasonable band structure of Zn₃In₂S₆ and the Schottky barrier established between Zn₃In₂S₆ and Ni, the photogenerated electrons and holes with suitable redox potentials can be spatially separated and efficiently transferred. Thereby, alcs. can be highly selective oxidized into corresponding aldehydes or carbonyl compounds at Zn₃In₂S₆ by the holes, and the released protons can be rapidly reduced into H₂ at Ni by the electrons. The H₂ evolution of the optimal Ni/Zn₃In₂S₆ can reach up to 277.2μmol h^-1, which is about 6.5 and 5.3 times as high as that of the pristine Zn₃In₂S₆ and the Pt/Zn₃In₂S₆, resp. Ni/Zn₃In₂S₆ also shows the stability and general applicability for other aromatic and non-aromatic alcs. Compared with NiS_x, NiO_x and Ni²⁺ cocatalysts, the metallic state of Ni is the key to achieving these photoredox reactions for effective utilization of photoexcited holes and electrons in one reaction system. During the photoredox reactions, two protons derived from O-H and Cα-H are abstracted from alcs. and then reduced into H₂ by the photogenerated electrons. At the same time, alcs. are oxidized into aldehydes or carbonyl compounds by the photogenerated holes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5Name: (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol).

(4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Name: (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Complexation of Macrocyclic Compounds with Nicotinamide in Dimethylsulphoxideand its Water Mixture was written by Kotkar, Rahul M.;Srivastava, Ashwini K.. And the article was included in Supramolecular Chemistry in 2008.COA of Formula: C10H21NO4 This article mentions the following:

The complexation behavior of nicotinamide with macrocyclic polyethers viz, 15-crown-5, benzo-15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, dicyclohexano-18-crown-6, dibenzo-18-crown-6, dibenzo-24-crown-8, 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexathiacyclooctadecane, monoaza-15-crown-5, 1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diaza-cyclopentadecane, 5,6,14,15-dibenzo-1,4-dioxa-8,12-diazacyclopentadecane, 7,16-dibenzyl-1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane, 1,4,7-tritosyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, 1,4,7,10-tetratosyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane and 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclooctadecane has been studied in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 90% DMSO + water using differential pulse polarog. and complexation constants have been reported. Nicotinamide forms stable complexes with six-membered coronand rings of the crown ethers. The nature of the atoms (oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen) in the coronand ring is observed to affect the stability of the complex. The stoichiometry and stability constants of the complexes were determined by monitoring the shifts in peak potentials of the polarograms of nicotinamide against the ligand concentration The Gibbs free energy change turns out to be neg. at 25°, which indicates the spontaneity of the binding of nicotinamide with crown ethers. The mole ratio of nicotinamide to the macrocyclic compound was also determined and it was found that the complexes were of 1:1 type with respect to crown ethers. The tendency of nicotinamide to form complexes with macrocycles is found to be greater in DMSO than in DMSO + water. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3COA of Formula: C10H21NO4).

1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.COA of Formula: C10H21NO4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Enhancing Aromatic Production from Reductive Lignin Disassembly: in Situ O-Methylation of Phenolic Intermediates was written by Barrett, Jacob A.;Gao, Yu;Bernt, Christopher M.;Chui, Megan;Tran, Anthony T.;Foston, Marcus B.;Ford, Peter. C.. And the article was included in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering in 2016.Related Products of 3929-47-3 This article mentions the following:

The selective conversion of lignin into aromatic compounds has the potential to serve as a “green” alternative to the production of petrochem. aromatics Herein, we evaluate the addition of di-Me carbonate (DMC) to a biomass conversion system that uses a Cu-doped porous metal oxide (Cu20PMO) catalyst in supercritical methanol (s.c.-MeOH) to disassemble lignin with little to no char formation. While Cu20PMO catalyzes C-O hydrogenolysis of aryl-ether bonds linking lignin monomers, it also catalyzes arene methylation and hydrogenation, leading to product proliferation. The MeOH/DMC co-solvent system significantly suppresses arene hydrogenation of the phenolic intermediates responsible for much of the undesirable product diversity via O-methylation of phenolic -OH groups to form more stable aryl-OCH3 species. Consequently, product proliferation was greatly reduced and aromatic yields greatly enhanced with lignin models, 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol, benzyl Ph ether, and 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethan-1-ol. In addition, organosolv poplar lignin (OPL) was examined as a substrate in the MeOH/DMC co-solvent system. The products were characterized by NMR spectroscopy (31P, 13C, and 2D 1H-13C NMR) and gas chromatog-raphy-mass spectrometry techniques. The co-solvent system demonstrated enhanced yields of aromatic products. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3Related Products of 3929-47-3).

3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Related Products of 3929-47-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Metal-Free Intermolecular Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Promoted by Glycerol was written by Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Marta;Gras, Emmanuel;Pericas, Miquel A.;Gomez, Montserrat. And the article was included in Chemistry – A European Journal in 2015.COA of Formula: C6H10O2 This article mentions the following:

Metal-free intermol. Huisgen cycloadditions using nonactivated internal alkynes were successfully performed in neat glycerol, both under thermal and microwave dielec. heating. In sharp contrast, no reaction occurs in other protic solvents, such as H₂O, EtOH, or diols. DFT calculations showed that the BnN₃/glycerol adduct promotes a more important stabilization of the corresponding LUMO than that produced in the analogous BnN₃/alc. adducts, favoring the reactivity with the alkyne in the 1st case. The presence of Cu salts in the medium did not change the reaction pathway (Cu(I) acts as spectator), except for disubstituted silylalkynes, for which desilylation takes place in contrast to the metal-free system. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8COA of Formula: C6H10O2).

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.COA of Formula: C6H10O2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Demonstrating the key role of kinetics over thermodynamics in the selection of ionic liquids for CO₂ physical absorption was written by Palomar, J.;Larriba, M.;Lemus, J.;Moreno, D.;Santiago, R.;Moya, C.;de Riva, J.;Pedrosa, G.. And the article was included in Separation and Purification Technology in 2019.Application of 112-49-2 This article mentions the following:

A comprehensive study of >50 ionic liquids (IL), integrating mol. simulation, gravimetric experiments, and process anal., was conducted to evaluate the role of thermodn. and kinetics on the phys. absorption of CO₂ by these widely researched IL solvents. Despite the common view, CO₂ molar gas solubility was a misleading criterion to select the adequate IL for use as CO₂ absorbent in com. separation columns, due to the strong kinetic control of the operation. Low viscosity and molar weight were demonstrated to be key parameters to minimize solvent consumption, energy duty, and equipment size. Short-chain imidazolium-based IL with tetracyanoborate, tricyanomethanide, and dicyanamide anions were proposed as adequate CO₂ absorbents with favorable transport and thermodn. properties. Results indicated IL do not exhibit better absorbent performance in CO₂ capture devices than conventional organic solvents (glymes, Selexol components) already in industrial use. The IL regeneration stage must be considered in future studies to state the promising advantages of IL absorbents in terms of thermal stability, energy consumption, and economy. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Application of 112-49-2).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Application of 112-49-2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

A convenient synthesis of quinolizinium salts through Rh(III) or Ru(II)-catalyzed C-H bond activation of 2-alkenylpyridines was written by Luo, Ching-Zong;Gandeepan, Parthasarathy;Cheng, Chien-Hong. And the article was included in Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) in 2013.Related Products of 16356-02-8 This article mentions the following:

An efficient synthesis of quinolizinium salts from 2-vinylpyridines and alkynes via Rh(III) or Ru(II)-catalyzed C-H activation and annulation reaction is described. A possible mechanism involving pyridine assisted vinylic ortho-C-H activation, alkyne insertion and reductive elimination is proposed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8Related Products of 16356-02-8).

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Related Products of 16356-02-8

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem