9/7/21 News The important role of 4179-19-5

The chemical industry reduces the impact on the environment during synthesis 3,5-Dimethoxytoluene. I believe this compound will play a more active role in future production and life.

Reference of 4179-19-5, Each compound has different characteristics, and only by selecting the characteristics of the compound suitable for a specific situation can the compound be applied on a large scale. 4179-19-5, name is 3,5-Dimethoxytoluene, This compound has unique chemical properties. The synthetic route is as follows.

To a 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was added 3,5- dimbetathoxytoluene (6.088 g, 40 mmol) and cyclohexane (28 mL) under nitrogen. Dimethyl carbonate (30.3 g, 336 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 60C. Excess chlorosulfonic acid was added over a period of 15 min. The liberated HCI gas was removed by inserting a tube into solid sodium hydroxide. On completion of the addition, the reaction mixture was heated to 70-72C for 1 h and then cooled to room temperature. The solid was filtered off and washed with dimethyl carbonate/cyclohexane (1:1, 20 mL). The solid was dried in vacuo to obtain pure material (6.13 g, 66%). To a mixture of the sulfonic acid (product from above, 4.65 g, 20 mmol) and tribetathyl amine (2.03 g, 2.79 mL) in acetone (40 mL) was added 2,4,6-trichloro-i ,3,5-triazine (cyanuric chloride, 3.69 g, 20 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 20 h before being cooled to room temperature. The solution was passed through a Celite pad and evaporated in vacuo to leave a solid, which was filtered off and washed with hexane. The mixture of product and salt of cyanuric hydroxide and triethyl amine (7.58 g) was used for the next step without further purification.[0156] To a 3-necked, round-bottomed flask, equipped with a condenser (acetone-dry ice cooling), was added the mixture from the step above (7.58 g) and acetone (100 mL). The reaction mixture was cooled to -78C and ammonia gas was bubbled through the solution for 0.5 h. The reaction mixture was kept standing overnight, allowing slow evaporation of ammonia gas, followed by the evaporation of solvent. Water was added and the product was extracted with DCM. The solvent was dried and evaporated to leave a mixture of solid and a dense liquid. The solid was filtered off and washed with hexane to leave pure sulfonamide (3.23 g, 70%).[0157] To a round-bottomed flask was added 3.5-dimethyl-4- hydroxybenzoic acid (2.99 g. 18 mmol). Anhydrous DMF (20 rnL) was added, followed by sodium hydride (1.8 g, 45 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. p-Methoxybenzyl chloride (6.20 g, 39.6 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight (-20 h). The reaction mixture was poured into water, acidified with 1 N HCI and stirred for 1 h. The precipitated solid was filtered off, washed with water and hexane to obtain pure B-ring building block (6.93 g, 95%).[0158] The B-ring building block (6.93 g, 17.1 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of methanol (50 ml) and tetrahydrofuran (50 mL). Potassium hydroxide (1.25 g, 22.2 mmol) in water (20 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed at 709C for 24 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo. Water was added and the reaction mixture was acidified with 1 N HCI (pH 4-5). The solid was filtered off, washed with water and hexane. The yield was 4.61 g (94%). The product (1.932 g, 6.75 mmol) and the sulfonamide from above (1,04 g, 4.5 mmol) were taken in a 3-necked, round-bottomed flask under nitrogen. Dichloromethane (100 mL) was added with stirring. To this stirred mixture was added N-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-W-ethylcarbOdiimide hydrochloride (EDCI. HCI, 1.36 g,7.09 mmol), followed by lambda/,W-dimethylaminopyridine (2.06 g, 16.9 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h before being washed with 1 N HCI, 2.5% NaOH and saturated sodium bicarbonate solutions. The organic layers were dried and evaporated in vacuo to leave a residue, which was purified by silica gel (100 g) column chromatography, employing 20-50% ethyl acetate in hexane and 5% methanol in dichloromethane as eluents. Fractions 30-66 were combined to obtain pure materials (1.35 g, 60%). The compound from the step above (0.105 g, 0.21 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran under nitrogen and cooled to -78C. n-Butyllithium was added and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature slowly and stirred overnight (~14 h). TLC showed incomplete conversion. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo to leave a residue that was purified by silica gel (15 g) column chromatography, employing 20-50% ethyl acetate in hexane as eluents. The product was not pure enough, so another column was used, employing 0.5% methanol in hexane as eluent, and finally preparative TLC was employed to purify the material. The compound from the step above (0.277 g) was dissolved in trifiuoroacetic acid (10 mL) under nitrogen and the reaction mixture was refluxed (bath temperature 809C) for 4 d. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in 0.25 N NaOH (20 mL), and acidified with acetic acid. The solid had precipitated out at this point. The solid was filtered off and washed with water, hexane and dried. From one batch, 0.005 g of pure material was isolated. From another batch, 0.060 g compound was isolated, which was not pure enough…

The chemical industry reduces the impact on the environment during synthesis 3,5-Dimethoxytoluene. I believe this compound will play a more active role in future production and life.

Reference:
Patent; Resverlogix Corp.; WO2008/92231; (2008); A1;,
Ether – Wikipedia,
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9/7/2021 News Brief introduction of 7664-66-6

The synthetic route of 7664-66-6 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Researchers who often do experiments know that organic synthesis is a process of preparing more complex target molecules from simple raw materials through one or more chemical reactions. Generally, it requires fewer steps, and cheap raw materials. 7664-66-6, name is 4-Isopropoxyaniline, A new synthetic method of this compound is introduced below., Application In Synthesis of 4-Isopropoxyaniline

General procedure: 2-Hydroxynaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid or 1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (5.30 mmol) and appropriate alkoxyaniline (5.30 mmol) were suspended in 30 mL of dry chlorobenzene. Phosphorous trichloride (2.65 mmol) was added dropwise, and reacting mixture was heated in the microwave reactor for 15 min at 130 C using infrared flask-surface control of temperature. Solvent was evaporated in vacuum; residue solid was washed with 2M HCl and crystallized from aqueous ethanol. If necessary, column chromatography was used for further purification (mobile phase DCM:MeOH 19:1).

The synthetic route of 7664-66-6 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Reference:
Article; Gonec, Tomas; Pospisilova, Sarka; Kauerova, Tereza; Kos, Jiri; Dohanosova, Jana; Oravec, Michal; Kollar, Peter; Coffey, Aidan; Liptaj, Tibor; Cizek, Alois; Jampilek, Josef; Molecules; vol. 21; 8; (2016);,
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9/7/2021 News The important role of 645-36-3

These compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route 645-36-3, its application will become more common.

Some common heterocyclic compound, 645-36-3, name is 2,2-Diethoxyethanamine, molecular formula is C6H15NO2, traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route. HPLC of Formula: C6H15NO2

2,2-Diethoxyethylamine (470 muL, 3.23 mmol) was added to a suspension of pyrimidine 9 (0.63 g, 2.67 mmol) in i-PrOH (30 mL), and the mixture was stirred at r.t. until the starting compound has dissolved. Et3N (560 muL, 4.0 mmol) was then added and the mixture was stirred for a further 45 min. H2O (50 mL) was added and the product was extracted with CH2Cl2 (2 × 50 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with H2O (2 × 20 mL), dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel, CH2Cl2; Rf = 0.42) to give a yellow solid; yield: 0.61 g(69%); mp 65.5-67.5 C.IR (KBr): 3380 (NH) cm-1. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): delta = 1.27 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 6 H, 2 × CH3),2.55 (s, 3 H, SCH3), 3.60 (dq, 2J = 9.3 Hz, 3J = 6.9 Hz, 2 H,2 × CHAHBCH3), 3.72-3.83 (m, 4 H, NCH2 and 2 × CHAHBCH3),4.09 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 4.68 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 1 H, OCH), 8.84 (br s, 1 H,NH).13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): delta = 14.8, 15.6, 44.3, 55.7, 63.2, 100.5,113.5, 156.6, 163.8, 174.6.Anal. Calcd for C12H20N4O5S: C, 43.36; H, 6.07. Found: C, 43.68;H, 6.11.

These compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route 645-36-3, its application will become more common.

Reference:
Article; Juskenas, Robertas; Masevicius, Viktoras; Tumkevicius, Sigitas; Synthesis; vol. 45; 17; (2013); p. 2438 – 2446;,
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9/7/2021 News Discovery of 450-88-4

The synthetic route of 450-88-4 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Synthetic Route of 450-88-4, These common heterocyclic compound, 450-88-4, name is 1-Bromo-4-fluoro-2-methoxybenzene, its traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route.

The solution of anisole of formula 2 (Scheme 6) (61 .5 g, 0.3 mol) in 1 ,2-dichloroethane (DCE) (600 mL) was cooled to -10 C and AICI3 was added in portions, maintaining the temperature below 2 C. The solution was then cooled to -5 C and acetyl chloride (56 mL, 0.79 mol) was added dropwise maintaining the internal temperature below 5 C. The reaction mixture was aged for 1 hour at 0 C. At this time HPLC showed no more starting material. The reaction mixture was quenched into ice (600 g) at a rate such that the internal temperature remained below 20 C. The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (400 mL) and the organic phase then washed with 1 HCL (400 mL), saturated NaHC03 (400 mL) and brine (200 mL), dried over Na2S0 and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give acetophenon of formula 3 (Scheme 6) as a white solid (74.0 g, 100%): mp 1 13-1 17 C; H NMR (CDCI3) 5 2.59 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 3H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 6.64 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1 H), 8.13 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H).

The synthetic route of 450-88-4 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Reference:
Patent; LEK PHARMACEUTICALS D.D.; HUMLJAN, Jan; MARAS, Nenad; WO2013/91696; (2013); A1;,
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9/7/2021 News Introduction of a new synthetic route about 458-50-4

In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles, 4-Bromo-3-fluoroanisole, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see.

458-50-4, A common compound: 458-50-4, name is 4-Bromo-3-fluoroanisole, belongs to ethers-buliding-blocks compound, it can change the direction of chemical reaction, and react with certain compounds to generate new functional products. A new synthetic method of this compound is introduced below.

General procedure: To a solution of 2-bromo-4-fluorobenzonitrile (0.30 g, 1.5 mmol) and cyclopropanol (0.14 g, 2.4 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) wasadded Cs2CO3 (0.88 g, 2.7 mmol) in a 25 mL single-necked round-bottom flask. After that, themixture was stirred at 25 °C under nitrogen. After stirring for 4 h, the resulting mixture was dilutedwith H2O (30 mL) and extracted with MTBE (10 mL×3). Then the combined organic phase waswashed with saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL×3) and dried over Na2SO4 for 0.5 h. After that, theorganic phase was filtered under reduced pressure and the filtrate was concentrated underreduced pressure to give product as a yellow sticky substance. Then a mixture of 30 mL MTBE and100 mL n-hexane was added to dissolve the yellow sticky substance. Subsequently, the solutionwas cooled for 30 minutes with the mixture of water and ethanol. Lastly, the solution was filteredunder reduced pressure and the filtrate was dried naturally to obtain desired product in 80.3percentyield (0.29g).

In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles, 4-Bromo-3-fluoroanisole, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see.

Reference:
Article; Jin, Hao; Gao, Zhuo; Zhou, Shaodong; Qian, Chao; Synlett; vol. 30; 8; (2019); p. 982 – 986;,
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9/7/2021 News Introduction of a new synthetic route about 41365-75-7

These compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route 1-Amino-3,3-diethoxypropane, its application will become more common.

Related Products of 41365-75-7,Some common heterocyclic compound, 41365-75-7, name is 1-Amino-3,3-diethoxypropane, molecular formula is C7H17NO2, traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route.

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, methyl (2S)-5-amino-6-bromo-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-1-carboxylate (300 mg, 1.00mmol, Intermediate 1) was dissolved in toluene (5 mL). Then 3,3- diethoxypropan-1-amine (885 mg, 6.01mmol), 3rd Generation BrettPhos precatalyst (91 mg, 0.10mmol), BrettPhos (108 mg, 0.20mmol) and sodium tert-butoxide (289 mg, 3.01mmol) were added successively. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at 110oC under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled and the resulting solids were filtered out. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was subjected to purification by FCC eluting with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (2:1). This afforded the title compound (240 mg, 62%) as a yellow oil. MS: (ES, m/z): 366 [M+H]+.

These compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route 1-Amino-3,3-diethoxypropane, its application will become more common.

Reference:
Patent; FORMA THERAPEUTICS, INC.; SCHILLER, Shawn E.R.; HERBERTZ, Torsten; LI, Hongbin; GRAVES, Bradford; MISCHKE, Steven; WEST, Angela V.; ERICSSON, Anna; DOWNING, Jennifer R.; (484 pag.)WO2019/55877; (2019); A1;,
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9/7/2021 News Discovery of 134364-69-5

The basis of chemical reaction formula synthesis, the synthesis route is composed of some specific reactions and combined according to certain logical thinking. We look forward to the emergence of more reaction modes in the future.

Researchers who often do experiments know that organic synthesis is a process of preparing more complex target molecules from simple raw materials through one or more chemical reactions. Generally, it requires fewer steps, and cheap raw materials. 134364-69-5, name is 2,3-Difluoroanisole, A new synthetic method of this compound is introduced below., category: ethers-buliding-blocks

Example 1; 2′-Chloro-2,5-difluoro-4-methoxybenzophenone Aluminum chloride (92.54 g, 694 mmol) was transferred to a bottle (in a glove bag under dry N2), then to the reaction flask. Dichloromethane (600 mL) was added via syringe and the suspension cooled to 0 C. (ice-H2O bath). 2-Chlorobenzoyl chloride (88.2 mL, 121.45 g, 694 mmol) was added via syringe at 0-5 C. over 13 min. The addition funnel was rinsed with 10 mL dichloromethane. The difluoroanisole (77.8 mL, 100.0 g, 694 mmol) was then added dropwise via syringe at 0-5 C. over 13 min. The resulting yellow solution was stirred at 0-5 C. for 3.5 h (until the bath warmed) then at 20-25 C. for 14 h.The solution is poured over 600 g ice in a 2 L round bottom flask. Dichloromethane (80 mL) was used to complete the transfer. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with 80 mL dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were transferred to a 1 L flask (with paddle stirrer) for distillation under dry N2. The dichloromethane is then replaced by n-heptane. At a bath temperature of 55-65 C., the head temperature is 35-38 C. and the pot temperature climbs to as high as 52 C. The pot solution is cooled and n-heptane (400 mL) is added. The distillation is continued. At a bath temperature of 100 C., the head temperature climbs from 55 to 75 C. and pot temperature climbs to as high as 83 C. before stopping the distillation (collected 767 mL total distillate). The pot suspension is now two phases, colorless on top and yellow on bottom. The suspension is allowed to cool to 50 C. and stirred at 200 rpm for 1 h. The suspension is allowed to cool to 40 C. and stirred at 200 rpm for 1 h. The suspension is allowed to cool to 30 C. and stirred at 200 rpm for 1 h. The 30 C. suspension is then cooled to 0-5 C. and stirred for 30 min. The precipitate is suction filtered (600 ml coarse sintered glass funnel), washed with 100 mL n-heptane at 0 C., and air dried 17 h at 25 C. to afford 181.23 g (92.4%) of light yellow solid.Recrystallization from hexanes provides colorless crystals, m.p. 84-85 C.; 500 MHz 1H NMR (CDCl3) delta 7.56 (dd, J=6.5 Hz, J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.39 (m, 3H), 7.38-7.34 (m, 1H), 6.65 (dd, J=6.6 Hz, J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H); 125 MHz 13C NMR (CDCl3) delta 190.2, 159.2 (dd, J=2 Hz, J=253 Hz), 153.9, 148.7 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=244 Hz), 140.0, 131.7, 131.21, 131.19, 130.2, 129.08, 129.07, 127.1, 117.5 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=21 Hz), 101.7 (dd, J=2 Hz, 29 Hz), 56.9; IR (KBr) 3057, 2986, 2941, 1663, 1653, 1620, 1519, 1443, 1420, 1360 cm-1. Elem. Anal. Calcd for C14H9ClF2O2: C, 59.49; H, 3.21; Cl, 12.54; F, 13.44. Found: C, 59.49; H, 3.13.

The basis of chemical reaction formula synthesis, the synthesis route is composed of some specific reactions and combined according to certain logical thinking. We look forward to the emergence of more reaction modes in the future.

Reference:
Patent; Roche Colorado Corporation; US2009/203901; (2009); A1;,
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

9/7/2021 News The important role of 116557-46-1

The synthetic route of 116557-46-1 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Related Products of 116557-46-1,Some common heterocyclic compound, 116557-46-1, name is 3-Bromo-2-methoxyaniline, molecular formula is C7H8BrNO, traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route.

A mixture of 3-bromo-2-methoxyaniline (3 g), 3-carboxyphenylboronic acid (2.94 g), bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)chloride [PdCl2(PPh3)2] (0.30 g) and potassium carbonate (5.2 g) in ethanol (100 mL) and water (20 mL) was heated to about reflux temperature and stirred for about 28 hours. The hot mixture was filtered to remove the catalyst. The clear filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. To the residue, water (50 mL) and methanol (50 mL) was added, acidified to pH 3-5 using hydrochloric acid and stirred for about 30 minutes at about room temperature. The slurry was filtered, washed with n-hexane (50 mL) and dried in an oven at about 55 C. to about 60 C. for about 12 hours. Yield: 1.8 g 1H NMR (300 MHz in DMSO-d6): delta 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.89-7.92 (d, 1H), 7.73-7.75 (d, 1H), 7.51-7.56 (t, 1H), 6.87-6.92 (t, 1H), 6.72-6.74 (d, 1H), 6.50-6.53 (d, 1H), 3.27 (s, 3H)

The synthetic route of 116557-46-1 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Reference:
Patent; Glenmark Generics Limited; Upadhye, Bhargav Krishnaji; Jagadale, Shivaji Eknath; Soni, Mukesh; US2015/87845; (2015); A1;,
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7-Sep-21 News Sources of common compounds: 944317-92-4

The synthetic route of 944317-92-4 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

In the next few decades, the world population will flourish. As the population grows rapidly and people all over the world use more and more resources, all industries must consider their environmental impact. 944317-92-4, name is 1-Bromo-4-fluoro-5-isopropyl-2-methoxybenzene belongs to ethers-buliding-blocks compound, it is a common compound, a new synthetic route is introduced below. COA of Formula: C10H12BrFO

Outside the glovebox, a 100 mL Schlenk flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with commercially available 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (BFA) (3.09 g, 16.2 mmol) and bromoanisole BrMIP (3.60 g, 14.6 mmol). The flask was transferred to glovebox (%O2 ?0.005) and Pd(OAc)2 (157 mg, 5 mol %), n-butyl-di-1-adamantylphosphine (530 mg, 10 mol %), Cs2CO3 (11.92 g, 36.6 mmol) and powdered dry molecular sieves 3 A (1.0 g) were added. The flask was closed with the rubber septum and taken out of the glovebox. Anhydrous DMF degassed with nitrogen was added through the septum and the obtained mixture was first stirred at room temperature for 1 h under the positive pressure of nitrogen, and then placed in a preheated oil bath (145 C) for 24 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and quenched with 2M HCl (100 mL). Ethylacetate (50 mL) was added and the resulting suspension was stirred for 15 min, filtered through a pad of celite and the layers were cut. The water layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and all organic phases were combined, washed with brine (50 mL) and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain a yellow oil. The crude product was purified by column chromatography to give 4′-fluoro-5′-Isopropyl-2′-methoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid as a colorless oil (3.11g, 60%). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) delta 0.95 (d, J = 8.0, 6H), 3.36 (s, 1H), 626 (d, J =12.0, 1H), 6.83 (d, J = 8.0, 1H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.0, 1H), 7.25 (m, 1H), 7.74 (s, 1H).

The synthetic route of 944317-92-4 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Reference:
Patent; LEK Pharmaceuticals d.d.; EP2468736; (2012); A1;,
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7-Sep-21 News Share a compound : 93919-56-3

The synthetic route of 93919-56-3 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

In the next few decades, the world population will flourish. As the population grows rapidly and people all over the world use more and more resources, all industries must consider their environmental impact. 93919-56-3, name is (4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methanamine belongs to ethers-buliding-blocks compound, it is a common compound, a new synthetic route is introduced below. HPLC of Formula: C8H8F3NO

General procedure: 5.3g (0.02 mol) of methyl N-nitro-1,3-dioxoisoindoline-2-carbimidothioate (3) was dissolved in 120 mL of acetonitrile, and cooled to 0-5, dropped in a quantity of 0.02 mmol of (aryl)methanamine over 5 mins. The reaction was stirred at 0-5 for one hour again. The mixture was filtered, concentrated in vacuo and recrystallised in EtOAc – petroleum ether (1:1) to give pure products 4a~4f.

The synthetic route of 93919-56-3 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Reference:
Article; Wu, Qinglai; Zhao, Fenghai; Zhu, Xiang; Zhou, Ziyuan; Yang, Dongyan; Xu, Zhihong; Li, Junkai; Qin, Zhaohai; Natural Product Research; (2019);,
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