Ethers-buliding-blocks

Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for 4-nitrophenol and substituted 4-nitrophenols was written by Li, Qing Xiao;Zhao, Meng Shu;Gee, Shirley J.;Kurth, Mark J.;Seiber, James N.;Hammock, Bruce D.. And the article was included in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry in 1991.Safety of 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole This article mentions the following:

An ELISA was developed for the determination of 4-nitrophenol and monosubstituted 4-nitrophenols such as 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol. An antiserum (Ab1812) was selected among eight antisera against three different corresponding immunogens. 4-(Nitrophenyl)acetyl OVA conjugate (C-OVA) as a coating antigen was selected among eight hapten-protein conjugates. Using an Ab1812 dilution of 1/1000, I₅₀ values for 4-nitrophenol, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol, and 2-amino-4-nitrophenol were 59, 64, 31, and 57 nM, resp. There were no cross-reactivities with other substituted phenols/nitrobenzenes and 2- or 3-nitrophenol. The detection limit of this ELISA was 1000 times lower than that of a standard colorimetric method for the anal. of 4-nitrophenol. Under the optimized condition, this procedure can be used to determine the concentration of 4-nitrophenol and(or) monosubstituted 4-nitrophenols at levels as low as 0.2 ppb in different water samples without extraction and cleanup. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8Safety of 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole).

3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Safety of 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Customizing the Electrochemical Properties of Carbon Nanodots by Using Quinones in Bottom-Up Synthesis was written by Rigodanza, Francesco;Dordevic, Luka;Arcudi, Francesca;Prato, Maurizio. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2018.Electric Literature of C9H10O4 This article mentions the following:

We show how the redox potentials of carbon nanodots (CNDs) can be modulated by employing quinones as electroactive precursors during a microwave-assisted synthesis. We prepared and characterized a redox library of CNDs, demonstrating that this approach can promote the use of carbon nanodots for ad hoc applications, including photocatalysis. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Electric Literature of C9H10O4).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Electric Literature of C9H10O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Nanoscale Assembly of CdS/BiVO₄ Hybrids for Coupling Selective Fine Chemical Synthesis and Hydrogen Production under Visible Light was written by Shang, Feng-Kang;Qi, Ming-Yu;Tan, Chang-Long;Tang, Zi-Rong;Xu, Yi-Jun. And the article was included in ACS Physical Chemistry Au in 2022.Formula: C8H10O2 This article mentions the following:

Simultaneously utilizing photogenerated electrons and holes in one photocatalytic system to synthesize value-added chems. and clean hydrogen (H₂) energy meets the development requirements of green chem. Herein, we report a binary material of CdS/BiVO₄ combining one-dimensional (1D) CdS nanorods (NRs) with two-dimensional (2D) BiVO₄ nanosheets (NSs) constructed through a facile electrostatic self-assembly procedure for the selectively photocatalytic oxidation of aromatic alcs. integrated with H₂ production, which exhibits significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance. Within 2 h, the conversion of aromatic alcs. over CdS/BiVO₄-25 was approx. 9-fold and 40-fold higher than that over pure CdS and BiVO₄, resp. The remarkably improved photoactivity of CdS/BiVO₄ hybrids is mainly ascribed to the Z-scheme charge separation mechanism in the 1D/2D heterostructure derived from the interface contact between CdS and BiVO₄, which not only facilitates the separation and transfer of charge carriers, but also maintains the strong reducibility of photogenerated electrons and strong oxidizability of photogenerated holes. It is anticipated that this work will further stimulate interest in the rational design of 1D/2D Z-scheme heterostructure photocatalysts for the selective fine chem. synthesis integrated with H₂ evolution. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5Formula: C8H10O2).

(4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Formula: C8H10O2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Mechanism of the Aryl-F Bond-Forming Step from Bi(V) Fluorides was written by Planas, Oriol;Peciukenas, Vytautas;Leutzsch, Markus;Noethling, Nils;Pantazis, Dimitrios A.;Cornella, Josep. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2022.Application of 365564-07-4 This article mentions the following:

The authors describe a combined exptl. and theor. mechanistic study of the C(sp²)-F bond formation from neutral and cationic high-valent organobismuth(V) fluorides, featuring a dianionic bis-aryl sulfoximine ligand. An exhaustive assessment of the substitution pattern in the ligand, the sulfoximine, and the reactive aryl on neutral triarylbismuth(V) difluorides revealed that formation of dimeric structures in solution promotes facile Ar-F bond formation. Noteworthy, theor. modeling of reductive elimination from neutral Bi(V) difluorides agrees with the exptl. determined kinetic and thermodn. parameters. Also, the addition of external fluoride sources leads to inactive octahedral anionic Bi(V) trifluoride salts, which decelerate reductive elimination. However, a parallel anal. for cationic bismuthonium fluorides revealed the crucial role of tetrafluoroborate anion as fluoride source. Both exptl. and theor. analyses conclude that C-F bond formation occurs through a low-energy five-membered transition-state pathway, where the F anion is delivered to a C(sp²) center, from a BF₄ anion, reminiscent of the Balz-Schiemann reaction. The knowledge gathered throughout the study permitted a rational assessment of the key parameters of several ligands, identifying the simple sulfone-based ligand family as an improved system for the stoichiometric and catalytic fluorination of arylboronic acid derivatives In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 365564-07-4Application of 365564-07-4).

2-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 365564-07-4) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Application of 365564-07-4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Room Temperature C-H Activation and Cross-Coupling of Aryl Ureas in Water was written by Nishikata, Takashi;Abela, Alexander R.;Lipshutz, Bruce H.. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2010.Safety of N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide This article mentions the following:

The first room temperature mono-C-H activation of urea derivatives and their cross-coupling with aryl iodides in water is described. This methodol. provides a convenient route to various aniline derivatives by means of C-H activation under mild conditions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide (cas: 56619-93-3Safety of N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide).

N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide (cas: 56619-93-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Safety of N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Kinetic trapping of 3D-printable cyclodextrin-based poly(pseudo)rotaxane networks was written by Lin, Qianming;Li, Longyu;Tang, Miao;Uenuma, Shuntaro;Samanta, Jayanta;Li, Shangda;Jiang, Xuanfeng;Zou, Lingyi;Ito, Kohzo;Ke, Chenfeng. And the article was included in Chem in 2021.Formula: C5H12O3 This article mentions the following:

Synthetically trapping kinetically varied (super)structures of mol. assemblies and amplifying them to the macroscale is a promising, yet challenging, approach for the advancement of meta-stable materials. Here, we demonstrated a concerted kinetic trapping design to timely resolve a set of transient polypseudorotaxanes in solution and harness a crop of them via micro-crystallization By installing stopper or speed bump moieties on the polymer axles, meta-stable polypseudorotaxanes with segmented cyclodextrin blocks were hierarchically amplified into crystalline networks of different crosslinking densities at mesoscale and viscoelastic hydrogels with 3D-printability in bulk. We demonstrated simultaneous 3D-printing of two polypseudorotaxane networks from one reactive ensemble and their conversion to heterogeneous polyrotaxane monoliths. Spatially programming the macroscale shapes of these heterogeneous polyrotaxanes enabled the construction of moisture-responsive actuators, in which the shape morphing originated from the different numbers of cyclodextrins interlocked in these polyrotaxane networks. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Formula: C5H12O3).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. The unique properties of ethers (i.e., that they are strongly polar, with nonbonding electron pairs but no hydroxyl group) enhance the formation and use of many reagents. For example, Grignard reagents cannot form unless an ether is present to share its lone pair of electrons with the magnesium atom. Complexation of the magnesium atom stabilizes the Grignard reagent and helps to keep it in solution.Formula: C5H12O3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

New methods for calculating the temperatures and the enthalpy changes of virtual transitions and predicting phase diagrams – applied to the tolans was written by Domon, M.;Buisine, J. M.. And the article was included in Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals in 1987.Reference of 39969-26-1 This article mentions the following:

For a mesogen which does not exhibit an enantiotropic nematic phase when pure, 2 methods are proposed for the determination of the temperatures and enthalpy changes of the nematic-isotropic liquid virtual transitions. These calculations, based on Schroeder-van Laar and van Laar equations, use the value of the liquid appearance temperature for mixtures of the compound with another mesogen which exhibits the enantiotropic mesophase when pure. Both methods are applied to the study of the 1st 10 compounds in the 4-methoxy-4′-alkyltolan series. The results are used to determine the eutectic, liquid appearance and nematic disappearance temperatures of mixtures of 2 tolans that do not exhibit an enantiotropic nematic phase when pure. In 7 cases, an enantiotropic nematic phase is predicted and observed; in 1 case, the phase diagram differs from that expected; for the remainder, the calculated and exptl. data agree. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Methoxy-4-((4-propylphenyl)ethynyl)benzene (cas: 39969-26-1Reference of 39969-26-1).

1-Methoxy-4-((4-propylphenyl)ethynyl)benzene (cas: 39969-26-1) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Reference of 39969-26-1

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Mo-Based Oxidizers as Powerful Tools for the Synthesis of Thia- and Selenaheterocycles was written by Franzmann, Peter;Beil, Sebastian B.;Schollmeyer, Dieter;Waldvogel, Siegfried R.. And the article was included in Chemistry – A European Journal in 2019.Reference of 3929-47-3 This article mentions the following:

A highly efficient synthetic protocol for the synthesis of thia- and selenaheterocycles has been developed. By employing a MoCl₅-mediated intramol. dehydrogenative coupling reaction, a broad variety of structural motifs was isolated in yields up to 94 % [e.g., bis(2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl) disulfide → 4,5-dimethoxybenzothiophene (65 %) in the presence of MoCl₅ + TiCl₄ (2 equiv)]. The electrophilic key transformation is tolerated by several labile moieties like halides and tertiary alkyl groups. Due to the use of disulfide or diselenide precursors, a high atom efficiency was achieved. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3Reference of 3929-47-3).

3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Reference of 3929-47-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Influence of hydrogen bond on the mesomorphic behaviour in urethane based liquid crystalline compounds: Experimental and computer simulation study was written by Korkmaz, Burak;Agtas, Sinem;Sutay, Berkay;Yildirim, Erol;Yilgor, Iskender;Yurtsever, Mine;Senkal, B. Filiz;Gursel, Yesim. And the article was included in Journal of Molecular Liquids in 2020.Product Details of 111-77-3 This article mentions the following:

We present a combined exptl. and theor. study on the novel hydrogen-bonded liquid crystalline complex (UR-LC11) exhibiting both nematic and smectic phases upon cooling. The complex was prepared by mixing 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylbutyl carbamate (UR) as H-bond acceptor with calamitic mesogen 4′-((11-hydroxyundecyl)oxy)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile (LC11) as H-bond donor. The complex was characterized by FTIR technique and its liquid crystalline properties were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscope (POM). The exptl. IR spectra were compared with theor. obtained IR spectra by D. Functional Theory (DFT) to suggest the structure of hydrogen-bonded liquid crystal (LC). The mol. dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to understand the impact of hydrogen bonding on the mesomorphic behavior of the complex and the temperature dependency of the transitions between the mesophases. We determined that UR-LC11 is a stable H-bond acceptor/donor type complex and a single H-bond forms between the carbonyl oxygen atom of the amide moiety of UR and the hydrogen atom of the terminal hydroxyl group of the LC11. Although LC11 is present only in nematic liquid crystalline form, the new complex displayed both nematic and smectic phases during cooling. The reason for the two distinctive LC phases was explained by the presence of hydrogen bond interactions, which provides structural flexibility. Besides, H-bond maintains uniaxial rod shape of the mol. to promote self-assembly behavior and induces positional ordering in the smectic phase. The enhancement in the self-assembly of the H-bonded chains in the complex is reflected in the increased ΔH_fusion values. Due to the intermol. π-π interactions of the Ph rings and the formation of strong dipoles on the backbone, especially at the cyanobiphenyl end of the chains, the long-range directional order of the dipoles along their long axes are preserved at elevated temperatures and nematic to isotropic phase transition is observed at around 370 K both exptl. and theor. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Product Details of 111-77-3).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Product Details of 111-77-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Solvate ionic liquids based on lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide-glyme systems: coordination in MD simulations with scaled charges was written by Thum, Andreas;Heuer, Andreas;Shimizu, Karina;Canongia Lopes, Jose Nuno. And the article was included in Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics in 2020.Safety of 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane This article mentions the following:

Equimolar mixtures of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li[NTf₂]) with triglyme or tetraglyme (small oligoethers) are regarded as a new class of ionic liquids, the so-called solvate ionic liquids In these mixtures, the glyme mols. wrap around the lithium ions forming crown-ether like [Li(glyme)₁]⁺ complex cations. New mol. dynamics (MD) simulations suggest that the lithium-glyme coordination is stronger than that predicted in a former MD study, whereas lithium-NTf₂ connections are weaker. The differences between the present and the previous study arise from different starting conditions. Both studies employed charges scaled by a factor of 0.8. As shown by the comparison of MD simulations with and without reduced charges to experiments, charge scaling is necessary in order to obtain data close to exptl. results. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Safety of 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Safety of 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem