P-Type Electrochemical Doping Can Occur by Cation Expulsion in a High-Performing Polymer for Organic Electrochemical Transistors was written by Flagg, Lucas Q.;Bischak, Connor G.;Quezada, Ramsess J.;Onorato, Jonathan W.;Luscombe, Christine. K.;Ginger, David S.. And the article was included in ACS Materials Letters in 2020.Synthetic Route of C5H12O3 This article mentions the following:
We investigate the mechanism of ion-dependent charge compensation during electrochem. oxidation (doping) of the model mixed ionic/electronic transporting polythiophene derivative poly(3-{[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]methyl}thiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3MEEMT). Using a combination of electrochem. quartz microbalance gravimetry and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, we show that charge compensation during polymer redox processes proceeds via a cation-dependent mechanism. For p-type polymer oxidation in certain electrolytes, charge compensation is achieved by both eventual injection of anions into the film, as well as initial expulsion of cations from the film. We compare doping mechanisms for a variety of electrolyte salts including potassium chloride, tetrabutylammonium chloride, potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6), and tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate. For the electrolyte KPF6, both the cations and anions coexist in the water-swelled polymer even prior to application of elec. bias. Our data indicate that electrochem. doping (hole injection into the polymer and ionic charge compensation) proceeds via the following mechanism: (1) hydration of the neutral film by electrolyte (water, cations, anions), (2) cation (K+) expulsion from the film upon initial application of an oxidative bias, and (3) anion injection into the film at higher oxidation/doping levels (>∼2 × 1020/cm3). Understanding the mechanism of charge compensation during the doping process should allow for the design of improved mixed ionic/electronic conductors for use in applications ranging from organic supercapacitors and redox flow batteries to bioelectronic sensors, thermoelecs., and devices for neuromorphic computing. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Synthetic Route of C5H12O3).
2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Synthetic Route of C5H12O3
Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem