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Novel amphoteric ion exchange membranes by blending sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) with ammonium polyphosphate for vanadium redox flow battery applications
A novel amphoteric ion exchange membrane for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) was explored by blending sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The high-stability flame retardant of cross-linked APP with a large number of NH4+ groups was first introduced into SPEEK membrane. It was observed that the addition of APP with special structure could achieve a good balance between proton conductivity and vanadium ions permeability. The abundant NH4+ in APP could block the penetration of vanadium ions by Donnan/Manning exclusion effect and ionic crossing networks due to the ionic bonds between cation and anion groups, and specially a small amount of APP within 5% could remarkably improve the proton conductivity of pristine SPEEK membrane might be ascribed to the unique fast proton transport channels formed by hydrogen bond networks and particular micro-phase separation as a result of interaction between SPEEK and APP. When 5% APP was blended, the SPEEK/APP-5% (S/APP-5%) amphoteric membrane showed a higher selectivity of 20.87 x 10(4) S min/cm(3) (with a good proton conductivity of 0.075 S/cm and a lower VO2+ permeability of 3.45 x 10(-7) cm(2)/ min) and presented better thermal and chemical stability compared to Nafion115 and SPEEK membranes. The VRFB single cell assembled with S/APP-5% amphoteric membrane exhibited more excellent performance than that of Nafion115 and pristine SPEEK membranes, which revealed a higher coulombic efficiency of 96.3%-98.3%, comparable voltage efficiency of 88.4%-78.7% and higher energy efficiency of 85.1%-77.4% from 40 to 80 mA/cm(2), respectively, and showed relatively good stability of the efficiency up to 50 cycles at 60 mA/cm(2). The results demonstrated that the designed S/APP amphiprotic membrane of outstanding selectivity, high battery efficiency, and good durability is a prospected VRFB separator.
The proportionality constant is the rate constant for the particular unimolecular reaction. the reaction rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant. I hope my blog about 1836-62-0 is helpful to your research. Recommanded Product: 1836-62-0.