Evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects of refractory pollutants of untreated and biomethanated distillery effluent using Allium cepa was written by Kumar, Vineet;Ameen, Fuad;Islam, M. Amirul;Agrawal, Sakshi;Motghare, Ankit;Dey, Abhijit;Shah, Maulin P.;Americo-Pinheiro, Juliana Heloisa Pine;Singh, Simranjeet;Ramamurthy, Praveen C.. And the article was included in Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) in 2022.Reference of 112-59-4 The following contents are mentioned in the article:
Environmental pollution caused by the discharge of raw and partly treated distillery effluent has become a serious and threatening problem due to its high pollution load. The aim of the present study was to assess the physicochem. load in alc. distillery effluent before and after biomethanation treatment and the cyto- and genotoxicity effects of refractory pollutants emanated in raw/untreated and biomethanated distillery effluent on the ultrastructural and biochem. responses of Allium cepa root tip cells. Physicochem. anal. revealed high BOD (BOD: 47840-36651 mg L-1), COD (COD: 93452-84500 mg L-1) and total dissolved solids (TDS: 64251-74652 mg L-1) in raw and biomethanated effluent along with metal(loid)s (Fe: 456.152-346.26; Zn: 1.654-1.465; Cu: 0.648-0.562; Ni: 1.012-0.951, and Pb: 0.264 mg L-1) which were beyond the safe discharge values prescribed by the environmental regulatory agencies. The UV-Visible and Fourier transform IR spectrophotometry analyses confirmed the high levels of organic, inorganic, and mixed contaminants discharged in raw and biomethanated distillery effluents. Furthermore, GC-MS anal. characterised chem. contaminants, such as hexadecanoic acid, butanedioic acid, bis(trimethylsilyl) ester; hexadecane, 2,6,11,15-tetramethyl, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol trimethylsilyl ether that have been reported as androgenic-mutagenic, and endocrine disrupting chems. by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). The cytotoxicity measured by A. cepa showed dose depended inhibition root growth inhibition and simultaneous reduction in mitotic index in tested effluents. The chromosomal aberrations studies resulted in laggard chromosomes, sticky chromosomes, vagrant chromosomes, chromosome loss, c-mitosis, chromosome bridge, abnormal metaphase, and disturbed anaphase as found in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, dose-dependent enhancement in the levels of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and antioxidative enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase were found to be higher in raw effluents treated root cells compared to biomethanated distillery effluent. Anal. of ultrastructural changes in root tip cells by TEM anal. revealed dramatic changes in the morphol. of cell organelles and accumulation of metallic elements in and on the surface tissues. The results concluded that the discharged distillery effluents retained certain toxic pollutants which imposed cytotoxic and genotoxic hazards to A. cepa. Thus, for the sake of environmental protection, the raw as well as the disposed biomethanated effluent must be efficiently treated before its dumping into the terrestrial ecosystem. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 2-(2-(Hexyloxy)ethoxy)ethanol (cas: 112-59-4Reference of 112-59-4).
2-(2-(Hexyloxy)ethoxy)ethanol (cas: 112-59-4) belongs to ethers. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Liquid esters of low volatility serve as softening agents for resins and plastics. Esters also include many industrially important polymers. Polymethyl methacrylate is a glass substitute sold under the names Lucite and Plexiglas; polyethylene terephthalate is used as a film (Mylar) and as textile fibres sold as Terylene, Fortrel, and Dacron.Reference of 112-59-4
Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem