Intercalation/De-Intercalation Reactions of Lithium Ion at Graphite in Electrolyte Solutions Containing 3D-Transition-Metal Ions and Cyclic Ethers was written by Domi, Yasuhiro;Doi, Takayuki;Ochida, Manabu;Yamanaka, Toshiro;Abe, Takeshi;Ogumi, Zempachi. And the article was included in Journal of the Electrochemical Society in 2016.Name: 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane This article mentions the following:
The effects of 3d-transition-metal ions in the electrolyte on the intercalation/de-intercalation reactions of Li+ at graphite neg.-electrodes were investigated. The edge plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) was used as a model electrode, and electrochem. properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochem. impedance spectroscopy. A drastic decrease in redox current due to intercalation/de-intercalation reactions of Li+ was observed in electrolyte solutions containing Fe, Co, Ni, and Mn ions. In addition, interfacial resistance between the edge plane HOPG electrode and the electrolyte increased significantly. The effects of cyclic ethers, such as crown ether, aza crown ether, and cryptand, as electrolyte additives were applied to suppress the degradation of graphite neg.-electrodes. As a result, specific cyclic ethers greatly suppressed the degradation of edge plane HOPG neg.-electrodes in electrolyte solutions containing the above transition-metal ions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3Name: 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane).
1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Ethers feature bent C闂佺偨鍎茶ぐ濠囨煃閵夛箑鐤?linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111闁?and C闂佺偨鍎茶ぐ?distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C闂佺偨鍎茶ぐ?bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Name: 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane
Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem